| Alive(n = 234) | Died(n = 25) | Total(n = 259) | p Value‡ | OR (95% CI) | |
| Residential care home | |||||
| Caritas | 75 (32.1) | 8 (32.0) | 83 (32.0) | 0.102 | 1.00 |
| Sage | 52 (22.2) | 10 (40.0) | 62 (23.9) | 1.80 (0.67 to 4.88) | |
| Shui On | 79 (33.8) | 7 (28.0) | 86 (33.2) | 0.83 (0.29 to 2.40) | |
| Cambridge | 28 (12.0) | 0 | 28 (10.8) | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 104 (44.4) | 11 (44.0) | 115 (44.4) | 0.966 | 1.00 |
| Female | 130 (55.6) | 14 (56.0) | 144 (55.6) | 1.02 (0.44 to 2.34) | |
| Mean (SD) age (years) | 85.0 (8.9) | 84.2 (9.3) | 84.9 (8.9) | 0.674 | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.04) |
| Age groups | |||||
| <80 | 56 (23.9) | 5 (20.0) | 61 (23.6) | 0.820 | 1.00 |
| 80–89 | 107 (45.7) | 11 (44.0) | 118 (45.6) | 1.15 (0.38 to 3.48) | |
| 90+ | 71 (30.3) | 9 (36.0) | 80 (30.9) | 1.42 (0.45 to 4.48) | |
| Withholding food | |||||
| No | 106 (45.7) | 5 (20.0) | 111 (43.2) | 0.014 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 126 (54.3) | 20 (80.0) | 146 (56.8) | 3.37 (1.22 to 9.27) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.5 (5.0) | 18.5 (3.7) | 22.2 (5.0) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.68 to 0.90) |
| MMSE | |||||
| At beginning of illness | 16.6 (3.6) | 14.1 (4.1) | 16.4 (6.3) | 0.323 | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.07) |
| At end of illness | 17.7 (6.9) | ||||
| Changes in ADL score | |||||
| No | 83 (35.6) | 6 (24.0) | 89 (34.5) | 0.245 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 50 (64.4) | 19 (76.0) | 169 (65.5) | 1.75 (0.67 to 4.56) | |
| ADL score | |||||
| Before illness (from cases) | 6.6 (6.0) | 5.0 (4.7) | 6.5 (5.9) | 0.127 | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) |
| During illness | 4.1 (4.7) | 1.8 (1.8) | 3.9(4.5) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.69 to 0.97) |
| At end of illness | 6.0 (5.8) | ||||
| Identified organisms | |||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 26 (11.1) | 5 (20.0) | 31 (12.0) | 0.193 | 2.00 (0.69 to 5.78) |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 18 (7.7) | 3 (12.0) | 21 (8.1) | 0.453 | 1.64 (0.45 to 6.00) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 15 (6.4) | 1 (4.0) | 16 (6.2) | 0.634 | 0.61 (0.08 to 4.81) |
| Parainfluenza virus type 1 | 15 (6.4) | 0 | 15 (5.8) | 0.192 | – |
| Metapneumovirus | 14 (6.0) | 1 (4.0) | 15 (5.8) | 0.687 | 0.66 (0.08 to 5.20) |
| Chlamydia | 13 (5.6) | 1 (4.0) | 14 (5.4) | 0.744 | 0.71 (0.09 to 5.65) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 11 (4.7) | 2 (8.0) | 13 (5.0) | 0.473 | 1.76 (0.37 to 8.45) |
| Parainfluenza virus type 3 | 13 (5.6) | 0 | 13 (5.0) | 0.227 | – |
| Influenza virus A | 9 (3.8) | 2 (8.0) | 11 (4.2) | 0.328 | 2.17 (0.44 to 10.67) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 5 (2.1) | 4 (16.0) | 9 (3.5) | <0.001 | 8.72 (2.18 to 34.98) |
| Coronavirus 229E/OC43 | 7 (3.0) | 1 (4.0) | 8 (3.1) | 0.782 | 1.35 (0.16 to 11.45) |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 7 (3.0) | 1 (4.0) | 8 (3.1) | 0.782 | 1.35 (0.16 to 11.45) |
| Rhinovirus | 7 (3.0) | 0 | 7 (2.7) | 0.381 | – |
| E coli | 5 (2.1) | 1 (4.0) | 6 (2.3) | 0.556 | 1.91 (0.21 to 17.01) |
| Influenza virus B | 6 (2.6) | 0 | 6 (2.3) | 0.418 | – |
| Klebsiella spp | 3 (1.3) | 2 (8.0) | 5 (1.9) | 0.020 | 6.70 (1.06 to 42.15) |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 5 (2.1) | 0 | 5 (1.9) | 0.460 | – |
| Enterovirus | 4 (1.7) | 0 | 4 (1.5) | 0.510 | – |
| Others* | 18 (7.7) | 2 (8.0) | 20 (7.7) | 0.828 | 1.19 (0.26 to 5.48) |
| Premorbid conditions | |||||
| Hypertension | 147 (62.8) | 14 (56.0) | 161 (62.2) | 0.504 | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.7) |
| Cerebral vascular accident | 99 (42.3) | 10 (40.0) | 109 (42.1) | 0.824 | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.1) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 56 (23.9) | 4 (16.0) | 60 (23.2) | 0.372 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.8) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 25 (10.7) | 2 (8.0) | 27 (10.4) | 0.676 | 0.7 (0.2 to 3.3) |
| Congestive heart failure | 32 (13.7) | 4 (16.0) | 36 (13.9) | 0.749 | 1.2 (0.4 to 3.7) |
| Dementia | 84 (35.9) | 12 (48.0) | 96 (37.1) | 0.234 | 1.6 (0.7 to 3.8) |
| COPD | 43 (18.4) | 6 (24.0) | 49 (18.9) | 0.495 | 1.4 (0.5 to 3.7) |
| Cancer | 12 (5.1) | 2 (8.0) | 14 (5.4) | 0.546 | 1.6 (0.3 to 7.6) |
| R/T feeding | 40 (17.1) | 3 (12.0) | 43 (16.6) | 0.515 | 0.7 (0.2 to 2.3) |
| No of premorbid conditions | |||||
| 0 | 13 (5.6) | 1 (4.0) | 14 (5.4) | 0.471 | 1.0 |
| 1 | 47 (20.1) | 4 (16.0) | 51 (19.7) | 1.1 (0.1 to 10.8) | |
| 2 | 74 (31.6) | 9 (36.0) | 83 (32.0) | 1.6 (0.2 to 13.6) | |
| 3 | 65 (27.8) | 10 (40.0) | 75 (29.0) | 2.0 (0.2 to 17.0) | |
| 4+ | 35 (15.0) | 1 (4.0) | 36 (13.9) | 0.4 (0.02 to 6.4) |
Data are given as n (%).
ADL, activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; R/T, Ryle's tube.
*Others included: parainfluenza virus type 2 (3 cases, 1 died), parainfluenza virus type 4 (3 cases), Mycobacterium avium complex (3 cases), Acinetobacter spp (2 cases), Enterobacter spp (2 cases), Proteus mirabilis (2 cases), Serratia spp (2 cases, 1 died), Coxiella burnetii (1 case), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1 case) and Morganella morganii (1 case).
†The figure may not add up to 100% as patients may have more than one condition.
‡The p value is for the χ2 test of a null hypothesis proposing a value of 1 for multiple odds ratio.