Table 3 Underlying causes of death in 93 individuals who had never smoked
All(n = 93)R cases(n = 52)NR cases(n = 41)
n (%)n (%)n (%)
Emphysema42 (45)34 (65)8 (19)
Liver diseases26 (28)11 (21)15 (37)
Other25 (27)7 (14)18 (44)
    Malignancy1349
    Cardio/cerebrovascular diseases615
    Gastrointestinal bleeding*211
    Renal diseases211
    Accident2–2

  • *Without known liver disease.

  • R, respiratory, NR, non-respiratory.