| Subjects/patients/treatment | Biomarker | Onset of action and effect | Reference |
| Healthy current smokers: 175 bid/placebo for 30 days; (serum) | TBARS | Minutes*: 5 (↓), 30 (↓↓) | Basyigit et al, 2005 |
| Chronic bronchitis current smokers: 300 mg bid/placebo for 5 days; (BAL) | GSH | Hours: 2 (↑), 12 (↔) | Mitrea et al, 1998 |
| GSSG | 2 (↑), 12 (↑↑) | ||
| Healthy current smokers: 300mg bid for 7 days; (serum) | MDA | Days: 7 (↓↓↓) | Mancini et al, 1998 |
| COPD (GOLD 0–2) current smokers: 300 mg bid for 10 days/placebo (serum) | ROS | Days: 4 (↓), 7 (↓), 10 (↓↓) | Dal Negro et al, 2006 |
| IL-8 | 4 (↓↓), 7 (↓↓), 10 (↓↓↓) | ||
| 8-iso | 4 (↔), 7 (↔), 10 (↓) |
TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, including malodialdehyde (MDA); BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, oxidised GSH; ROS, reactive oxygen species; IL-8, interleukin 8; 8-iso, 8 isoprostane.
*Time after smoking.