| Cases | Controls | Adjusted OR‡ (95% CI) | p Value | |
| n (%)† | n (%)† | |||
| Maternal asthma (diagnosis and medication before delivery) | ||||
| Any congenital malformation§ | 5124 (6.8) | 30053 (6.6) | 1.06 (0.94 to 1.20) | 0.329 |
| Any system-specific malformation¶ | ||||
| Nervous system | 237 (7.2) | 1377 (6.8) | 1.08 (0.63 to 1.86) | 0.783 |
| Eye, ear, face, neck | 293 (5.8) | 1718 (5.8) | 1.01 (0.58 to 1.76) | 0.972 |
| Circulatory system | 1256 (7.6) | 7356 (6.6) | 1.18 (0.94 to 1.49) | 0.163 |
| Respiratory system | 46 (10.9) | 265 (7.2) | 1.71 (0.50 to 5.78) | 0.390 |
| Cleft lip and/or palate | 255 (7.1) | 1513 (6.8) | 1.05 (0.62 to 1.77) | 0.852 |
| Digestive system | 166 (7.2) | 974 (7.0) | 1.03 (0.53 to 2.00) | 0.932 |
| Genital organs | 913 (6.2) | 5345 (6.3) | 0.98 (0.73 to 1.31) | 0.874 |
| Urinary system | 313 (6.7) | 1850 (6.6) | 1.03 (0.63 to 1.68) | 0.921 |
| Musculoskeletal system | 1431 (7.3) | 8372 (6.6) | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.43) | 0.241 |
| “Other” | 407 (7.1) | 2400 (6.5) | 1.15 (0.75 to 1.77) | 0.518 |
| Chromosomal abnormality | 260 (2.3) | 1519 (5.7) | 0.43 (0.18 to 1.02) | 0.054 |
| ⩾1 Asthma medication exposure during pregnancy* | ||||
| Any congenital malformation§ | 5124 (8.0) | 30053 (7.5) | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.18) | 0.367 |
| Any system-specific malformation¶ | ||||
| Nervous system | 237 (6.8) | 1377 (7.2) | 0.93 (0.55 to 1.57) | 0.781 |
| Eye, ear, face, neck | 293 (5.8) | 1718 (7.1) | 0.81 (0.48 to 1.38) | 0.439 |
| Circulatory system | 1256 (9.0) | 7356 (7.3) | 1.27 (1.02 to 1.58) | 0.032 |
| Respiratory system | 46 (13.0) | 265 (7.9) | 1.92 (0.65 to 5.65) | 0.236 |
| Cleft lip and/or palate | 255 (6.3) | 1513 (8.3) | 0.73 (0.43 to 1.24) | 0.246 |
| Digestive system | 166 (12.0) | 974 (7.9) | 1.65 (0.99 to 2.74) | 0.053 |
| Genital organs | 913 (7.6) | 5345 (7.6) | 0.98 (0.74 to 1.28) | 0.865 |
| Urinary system | 313 (8.0) | 1850 (7.1) | 1.13 (0.72 to 1.77) | 0.594 |
| Musculoskeletal system | 1431 (8.7) | 8372 (7.6) | 1.16 (0.95 to 1.43) | 0.143 |
| “Other” | 407 (7.4) | 2400 (7.2) | 1.04 (0.69 to 1.58) | 0.842 |
| Chromosomal abnormality | 260 (3.5) | 1519 (7.0) | 0.45 (0.22 to 0.95) | 0.035 |
*Any short-acting β agonists, inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting β agonists, other bronchodilators or other anti-inflammatory medications (see tables published in online supplement for full analyses of individual gestational drug exposures).
†First section of table: Proportion of cases or controls whose mothers have an asthma diagnosis and medication before delivery. Second section of table: Proportion of cases or controls exposed to one or more asthma medications during pregnancy.
‡Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) adjusted for maternal age at birth of case or control child; maternal smoking status, body mass index, socioeconomic status, sex of the child, gestation of pregnancy had no confounding effects.
§Children with more than one malformation are counted only once in “any congenital malformation” total.
¶Children with more than one malformation in the same system-specific group are counted only once in each system-specific malformation total.