Risk of lung function impairment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related hospitalisation using Cox proportional hazard models
| GOLD category* | Unadjusted model HR (95% CI) | Adjusted model† HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| GOLD, Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease; LLN, lower limit of normal. | ||
| From the Cardiovascular Health Study and follow-up. | ||
| *The categories in bold comprise the “potentially overdiagnosed” group of individuals. | ||
| †Adjusted for age, sex, race and smoking status. | ||
| GOLD 3 or 4 (<LLN) | 17.2 (13.2 to 22.4) | 15.1 (11.5 to 19.8) |
| GOLD 3 or 4 (⩾LLN) | 8.5 (2.0 to 35.2) | 9.5 (2.5 to 36.1) |
| GOLD 2 (<LLN) | 8.7 (6.8 to 11.2) | 6.4 (4.9 to 8.4) |
| GOLD 2 (⩾LLN) | 4.7 (3.5 to 6.5) | 4.9 (3.6 to 6.7) |
| GOLD 1 (<LLN) | 5.3 (4.0 to 7.1) | 3.5 (2.6 to 4.7) |
| GOLD 1 (⩾LLN) | 2.8 (2.2 to 3.7) | 2.0 (1.6 to 2.7) |
| GOLD 0 | 2.0 (1.5 to 2.6) | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.5) |
| Restricted | 2.3 (1.7 to 3.1) | 2.8 (2.1 to 3.8) |
| Normal | 1.0 | 1.0 |