Risk of lung function impairment for death using Cox proportional hazard models
| GOLD category* | Unadjusted model HR (95% CI) | Adjusted model† HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| GOLD, Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease; LLN, lower limit of normal. | ||
| From the Cardiovascular Health Study and follow-up. | ||
| *The categories in bold comprise the “potentially overdiagnosed” group of individuals. | ||
| †Adjusted for age, sex, race and smoking status. | ||
| GOLD 3 or 4 (<LLN) | 3.0 (2.5 to 3.7) | 3.0 (2.4 to 3.7) |
| GOLD 3 or 4 (⩾LLN) | 1.8 (0.4 to 8.8) | 3.0 (0.6 to 14.3) |
| GOLD 2 (<LLN) | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.3) | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.0) |
| GOLD 2 (⩾LLN) | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.4) | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.7) |
| GOLD 1 (<LLN) | 2.1 (1.7 to 2.6) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) |
| GOLD 1 (⩾LLN) | 1.7 (1.5 to 2.0) | 1.1 (0.96 to 1.3) |
| GOLD 0 | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) | 1.2 (1.03 to 1.4) |
| Restricted | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.3) |
| Normal | 1.0 | 1.0 |