Adjusted odds ratio of any congenital malformation associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids during the first trimester of pregnancy
| First stage sampling (n = 4561) | Final estimates* (n = 1089) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| ED, emergency department; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids. | |||
| *Estimates were based on the first and second stage of sampling. | |||
| †NR, not retained in the model. | |||
| ‡These variables were not available in the administrative databases and thus not available for the first stage of sampling. | |||
| During 1st trimester | |||
| Use of ICS (μg/day) | |||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | |
| >0–500 | 0.95 | 0.76 (0.56 to 1.05) | 0.77 (0.53 to 1.13) |
| >500–1000 | 0.55 | 0.39 (0.19 to 0.82) | 0.41 (0.19 to 0.92) |
| >1000 | 1.37 | 0.92 (0.42 to 2.03) | 1.00 (0.42 to 2.36) |
| Oral corticosteroids (yes/no) | 1.24 | NR† | 1.93 (0.94 to 3.98) |
| ED visit or hospitalisation for asthma (yes/no) | 1.33 | 1.43 (0.96 to 2.14) | NR† |
| Before pregnancy | |||
| Use of ICS (yes/no) | 1.02 | 1.19 (0.89 to 1.60) | 1.13 (0.76 to 1.66) |
| Use of long-acting β2-agonists (yes/no) | 2.65 | 2.83 (1.34 to 5.97) | NR† |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Level of education | |||
| ⩽12 | Reference | Reference | |
| ⩾13 | 0.51 | 0.50 (0.29 to 0.87) | 0.48 (0.25 to 0.92) |
| Missing | 0.72 | 0.72 (0.52 to 0.99) | 0.71 (0.47 to 1.06) |
| Area of residence (rural/urban) | 0.76 | 0.73 (0.55 to 0.97) | NR† |
| Multiple pregnancy (yes/no) | 4.65 | 4.94 (2.82 to 8.66) | 7.17 (2.57 to 20.01) |
| Epilepsy (yes/no) | 3.12 | 3.21 (1.49 to 6.91) | 6.06 (1.59 to 23.09) |
| Thyroid disorder (yes/no) | Not available‡ | 1.95 (1.05 to 3.64) | |
| Family history of congenital malformations (yes/no) | Not available‡ | 1.75 (1.14 to 2.69) | |