Characterictics of women selected at the second stage of sampling (n = 1089)
| All congenital malformations (n = 361) | Major congenital malformations (n = 244) | Pregnancies non-malformed babies (n = 728) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No ICS (n = 451) | ICS* (n = 277) | |||
| ICS, inhaled corticosteroid. | ||||
| Data are presented as n (%). | ||||
| *Use of inhaled corticosteroids during the first trimester of pregnancy. | ||||
| Cigarette smoking (number per day) | ||||
| 0 | 155 (42.9) | 104 (42.6) | 205 (45.5) | 144 (52.0) |
| 1–20 | 165 (45.7) | 108 (44.3) | 185 (41.0) | 96 (34.7) |
| ⩾21 | 41 (11.4) | 32 (13.1) | 61 (13.5) | 37 (13.3) |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Yes | 5 (1.4) | 4 (1.6) | 11 (2.4) | 6 (2.2) |
| No | 356 (98.6) | 240 (98.4) | 440 (97.6) | 271 (97.8) |
| Illicit drug use | ||||
| Yes | 16 (4.4) | 8 (3.3) | 31 (6.8) | 14 (5.1) |
| No | 345 (95.6) | 236 (96.7) | 420 (93.1) | 263 (94.9) |
| Intake of multivitamins | ||||
| Yes | 116 (32.1) | 75 (30.7) | 157 (34.8) | 91 (32.9) |
| No | 245 (67.9) | 169 (69.3) | 294 (65.2) | 186 (67.1) |
| Intake of folic acid | ||||
| Yes | 11 (3.0) | 6 (2.5) | 6 (1.3) | 8 (2.9) |
| No | 350 (97.0) | 238 (97.5) | 445 (98.7) | 269 (97.1) |
| Family history of congenital malformation | ||||
| Yes | 46 (12.7) | 34 (13.9) | 30 (6.7) | 25 (9.0) |
| No | 315 (87.3) | 210 (86.1) | 421 (93.3) | 252 (91.0) |
| Thyroid disorder | ||||
| Yes | 20 (5.5) | 16 (6.6) | 12 (2.7) | 13 (4.7) |
| No | 341 (94.5) | 228 (93.4) | 439 (97.3) | 264 (95.3) |
| Irradiations or x rays | ||||
| Yes | 12 (3.3) | 8 (3.3) | 11 (2.4) | 12 (4.3) |
| No | 349 (96.7) | 236 (96.7) | 440 (97.6) | 265 (95.7) |
| Medically induced abortion before the current pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 10 (2.7) | 7 (2.9) | 10 (2.2) | 5 (1.8) |
| No | 351 (97.3) | 237 (97.1) | 441 (97.8) | 272 (98.2) |