Relative risk of lung cancer, non-lung tobacco-related cancers, other cancers and all-cause mortality in relation to lung function
| Outcome | Lung function* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COPD | ||||||||
| Normal | Mild | Moderate/severe | Restrictive lung disease | |||||
| n | RR | n | RR (95% CI) | n | RR (95% CI) | n | RR (95% CI) | |
| COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; SSC, squamous cell carcinoma; VC, vital capacity. | ||||||||
| *Normal: FEV1/VC >70%, %FEV1 >80%; mild COPD: FEV1/VC ⩽70%, %FEV1 >80%; moderate/severe COPD: FEV1/VC ⩽70%, %FEV1 ⩽80%; restrictive lung disease: FEV1/VC >70%, %FEV1 ⩽80%. | ||||||||
| †RR adjusted for attained age, smoking (non-smoker; former smoker; current smoker, <50 pack-years; current smoker, ⩾50 pack-years, current smoker, pack-years unknown). | ||||||||
| ‡RR adjusted for attained age. | ||||||||
| §RR adjusted for attained age, smoking intensity and smoking duration. | ||||||||
| ¶RR adjusted for attained age, body mass index (⩽18.5, 18.6–20.0, 20.1–22.5, 22.6–25.0, 25.1–27.5, 27.6–30.0, 30.1–35.0, >35.0 and missing), smoking (non-smoker; former smoker; current smoker, <50 pack-years; current smoker, ⩾50 pack-years, current smoker, pack-years unknown). | ||||||||
| **RR adjusted for attained age, body mass index. | ||||||||
| ††RR adjusted for attained age, body mass index, smoking intensity and smoking duration. | ||||||||
| Lung cancer | ||||||||
| Overall† | 570 | 1.0 | 70 | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) | 105 | 2.2 (1.8 to 2.7) | 89 | 2.0 (1.6 to 2.5) |
| 5-year lag time | 518 | 1.0 | 61 | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) | 88 | 2.1 (1.7 to 2.6) | 85 | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.8) |
| 10-year lag time | 388 | 1.0 | 47 | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.1) | 57 | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.7) | 62 | 2.3 (1.8 to 3.1) |
| 15-year lag time | 211 | 1.0 | 26 | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.6) | 27 | 2.3 (1.5 to 3.4) | 31 | 2.6 (1.8 to 3.8) |
| Non-smokers‡ | 37 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.9 (0.1 to 6.7) | 2 | 2.8 (0.7 to 11.9) | 2 | 1.6 (0.4 to 6.8) |
| Former smokers§ | 56 | 1.0 | 7 | 2.2 (1.0 to 4.8) | 1 | 0.3 (0.1 to 2.5) | 5 | 1.7 (0.7 to 4.2) |
| Current smokers§ | 477 | 1.0 | 62 | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) | 102 | 2.3 (1.9 to 2.9) | 82 | 2.1 (1.7 to 2.7) |
| Adenocarcinoma† | 162 | 1.0 | 16 | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.2) | 20 | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.6) | 9 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.5) |
| SCC† | 151 | 1.0 | 19 | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.3) | 38 | 2.7 (1.9 to 3.8) | 31 | 2.5 (1.7 to 3.7) |
| Small cell carcinoma† | 77 | 1.0 | 13 | 2.2 (1.2 to 3.9) | 10 | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.1) | 17 | 2.9 (1.7 to 5.0) |
| Other/unclassified† | 180 | 1.0 | 22 | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.3) | 37 | 2.4 (1.7 to 3.5) | 32 | 2.3 (1.6 to 3.4) |
| Non-lung tobacco-related cancers | ||||||||
| Overall† | 1276 | 1.0 | 85 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) | 128 | 1.6 (1.4 to 2.0) | 85 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) |
| Non-smokers‡ | 265 | 1.0 | 10 | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.5) | 7 | 1.4 (0.7 to 3.1) | 6 | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.5) |
| Former smokers§ | 229 | 1.0 | 11 | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.9) | 14 | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.6) | 12 | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.1) |
| Current smokers§ | 782 | 1.0 | 64 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 107 | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.1) | 67 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.5) |
| Other cancers | ||||||||
| Overall† | 4749 | 1.0 | 257 | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 243 | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 240 | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) |
| Non-smokers‡ | 1767 | 1.0 | 54 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) | 42 | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.8) | 46 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) |
| Former smokers§ | 966 | 1.0 | 48 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.4) | 44 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) | 49 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.5) |
| Current smokers§ | 2016 | 1.0 | 155 | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) | 157 | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) | 145 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) |
| All-cause mortality | ||||||||
| Overall¶ | 7659 | 1.0 | 561 | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) | 845 | 1.9 (1.8 to 2.0) | 668 | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.6) |
| Non-smokers** | 1987 | 1.0 | 61 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) | 61 | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1) | 99 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) |
| Former smokers†† | 1322 | 1.0 | 79 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) | 103 | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.4) | 107 | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.1) |
| Current smokers†† | 4350 | 1.0 | 421 | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) | 681 | 2.0 (1.8 to 2.1) | 462 | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.6) |