Inflammatory cells and proteins raised in exacerbations of COPD
Raised marker | Medium | Evidence of resolution | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MPO, myeloperoxide; NE, neutrophil elastase; LTB4, leukotriene B4; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CXCL8, interleukin 8; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; EBC, exhaled breath condensate; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. | ||||
(1) | MPO | Sputum (in purulent samples only | LTB4 only | 25 |
CXCL8 | ||||
NE | ||||
LTB4 | ||||
Sol:serum albumin ratio | Sputum and serum | |||
CRP | Serum | |||
(2) | TNFα | Sputum | Both declined to pre- exacerbation levels | 26 |
CXCL8 | ||||
(3) | MPO | Sputum with bacterial eradication | Reduction in MPO and LTB4 | 27 |
NE | ||||
LTB4 | ||||
Sol:serum albumin ratio | Sputum and serum | |||
(4) | RANTES | Sputum | Not studied | 28 |
CXCL8 | ||||
Neutrophil | ||||
Eosinophils | ||||
ECP | ||||
NE | ||||
(5) | CXCL8 | Plasma | Plasma CXCL8 and sICAM1 reduced significantly.E-selectin did not.H2O2 significantly reduced | 29 |
ICAM-1 | ||||
E-selectin | ||||
H2O2 | EBC | |||
(6) | CRP | Plasma | No resolution | 23 |
CXCL8 | ||||
IL-6 | ||||
(7) | H2O2 | EBC | Resolution following recovery | 30 |
CRP | Serum | |||
ESR | ||||
MPO | ||||
(8) | Eosinophil | Bronchial biopsies | Not studied | 31 |
RANTES | ||||
(9) | Neutrophil | BAL | Not studied | 16 |
Eosinophil | ||||
GM-CSF |