Odds ratio for the presence of symptomatic asthma associated with moderate and high consumption of specific types of fruit and vegetables
| Type of fruit or vegetables | All cases | Symptomatic cases | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted* OR (95% CI) | Adjusted* OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Moderate consumption | High consumption | p (trend) | Moderate consumption | High consumption | p (trend) | |
| OR (CI), odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the presence of diagnosed asthma or symptomatic asthma relative to non-consumers of each food. | ||||||
| Consumption categories: moderate consumption was defined as consumption below the median level of consumption in consumers and high consumption as above the median level in consumers. Range of intake: citrus fruits 0.7–46.2 g/day (moderate) and ⩾46.3 g/day (high); summer fruit 0.4–18.5 g/day (moderate) and ⩾18.6 g/day (high); apples 2.0–48.0 g/day (moderate) and ⩾48.1 g/day (high); salad vegetables 0.3–20.5 g/day (moderate) and ⩾20.6 g/day (high). | ||||||
| *Matched analysis adjusted for pack years smoked, social class, BMI, increasing level of physical activity, and level of education. | ||||||
| †p⩽0.05, ‡p⩽0.002. | ||||||
| Citrus fruit | 0.88 (0.65 to 1.20) | 0.59‡ (0.43 to 0.82) | 0.002 | 0.75 (0.51 to 1.11) | 0.51‡ (0.33 to 0.79) | 0.002 |
| Summer fruit | 1.15 (0 .77 to 1.70) | 1.12 (0.73 to 1.72) | 0.50 | 1.03 (0.63 to 1.69) | 1.48 (0.83 to 2.63) | 0.24 |
| Apples | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.05) | 0.68† (0.49 to 0.96) | 0.03 | 0.77 (0.52 to1.12) | 0.71 (0.46 to 1.09) | 0.11 |
| Salad vegetables | 0.85 (0.61 to 1.18) | 0.88 (0.62 to 1.24) | 0.52 | 0.73 (0.48 to1.09) | 0.73 (0.48 to 1.11) | 0.16 |