Demographic distribution of study participants, proportion with spirometric data at visit 6 (approximately 4 years after baseline visit), and the proportion of subjects in the most rapidly declining quartile of FEV1 or FEV1/FVC ratio. From the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) 1989–90 and follow up through visit 6
| Baseline (N = 4923) | Follow up (N = 3338) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | % without spirometry at follow up | Risk of no spirometry at follow up OR (95% CI)* | N (%) | % in most rapid FEV1 decline quartile | Risk of being in most rapid FEV1 decline quartile OR (95% CI)* | |
| FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; BMI, body mass index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. | ||||||
| *Adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking status, body mass index, education level, depression, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, exercise level, and GOLD category. | ||||||
| †GOLD stage 3 or 4 (FEV1/FVC <0.70 and FEV1 <50% predicted), GOLD stage 2 (FEV1/FVC <0.70 and FEV1 ⩾50% to <80% predicted), GOLD stage 1 (FEV1/FVC <0.70 and FEV1 ⩾80%), restricted (FEV1/FVC ⩾0.70 and FVC <80% predicted), GOLD stage 0 (presence of respiratory symptoms in the absence of any lung function abnormality), and no lung disease. | ||||||
| Age group | ||||||
| 65–73 | 1282 (26.0) | 21.4 | 1.0 | 1007 (29.7) | 22.6 | 1.0 |
| 74–77 | 1470 (29.9) | 25.5 | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) | 1095 (32.3) | 25.3 | 1.2 (0.98 to 1.5) |
| 78–81 | 975 (19.8) | 31.4 | 1.6 (1.3 to 2.0) | 669 (19.8) | 25.1 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) |
| 82–85 | 695 (14.1) | 40.3 | 2.1 (1.7 to 2.7) | 415 (12.3) | 28.2 | 1.3 (1.01 to 1.7) |
| 86+ | 501 (10.2) | 59.7 | 4.9 (3.9 to 6.3) | 202 (6.0) | 24.8 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 2780 (56.5) | 29.9 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.1) | 1949 (57.5) | 26.9 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) |
| Male | 2143 (43.5) | 32.8 | 1.0 | 1439 (42.5) | 22.0 | 1.0 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 4695 (95.4) | 30.7 | 1.0 | 3254 (96.0) | 24.7 | 1.0 |
| Black | 228 (4.6) | 41.2 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) | 134 (4.0) | 27.6 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Current smoker | 571 (11.6) | 35.5 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) | 368 (10.9) | 37.8 | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.3) |
| Former smoker | 2100 (42.7) | 31.3 | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.3) | 1442 (42.6) | 23.2 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) |
| Never smoker | 2252 (45.7) | 29.9 | 1.0 | 1578 (46.6) | 23.2 | 1.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <20 | 225 (4.6) | 39.6 | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) | 136 (4.0) | 31.6 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) |
| 21–24 | 1765 (35.9) | 31.3 | 1.0 | 1213 (35.8) | 26.1 | 1.0 |
| 25–29 | 2057 (41.8) | 29.6 | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.0) | 1449 (42.8) | 23.3 | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) |
| ⩾30 | 876 (17.8) | 32.6 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 590 (17.4) | 24.1 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) |
| Education level | ||||||
| <12 years | 1352 (27.5) | 41.2 | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.0) | 795 (23.5) | 28.1 | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) |
| 12 years | 1397 (28.4) | 30.4 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) | 972 (28.7) | 24.4 | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.3) |
| >12 years | 2174 (44.2) | 25.4 | 1.0 | 1621 (47.8) | 23.4 | 1.0 |
| Depressed | ||||||
| Yes | 1197 (24.3) | 39.8 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) | 720 (21.2) | 26.4 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) |
| No | 3726 (75.7) | 28.4 | 1.0 | 2668 (78.8) | 24.4 | 1.0 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Yes | 1422 (28.9) | 37.7 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.7) | 2502 (73.9) | 23.1 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) |
| No | 3501 (71.1) | 28.5 | 1.0 | 886 (26.1) | 25.4 | 1.0 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| Yes | 1060 (21.5) | 42.6 | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.8) | 608 (18.0) | 27.1 | 1.2 (0.96 to 1.4) |
| No | 3863 (78.5) | 28.0 | 1.0 | 2780 (82.0) | 24.3 | 1.0 |
| Exercise level | ||||||
| Lowest | 482 (9.8) | 50.8 | 2.1 (1.7 to 2.6) | 237 (7.0) | 29.5 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) |
| 2 | 888 (18.0) | 40.6 | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1) | 527 (15.6) | 26.6 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) |
| 3 | 1492 (30.3) | 30.0 | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) | 1045 (30.8) | 27.1 | 1.2 (1.03 to 1.5) |
| Highest | 2061 (41.9) | 23.4 | 1.0 | 1579 (46.6) | 22.0 | 1.0 |
| GOLD category† | ||||||
| GOLD 3 or 4 | 330 (6.7) | 47.3 | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.8) | 174 (5.1) | 28.2 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.9) |
| GOLD 2 | 962 (19.5) | 35.8 | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) | 618 (18.2) | 31.7 | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.0) |
| GOLD 1 | 782 (15.9) | 30.7 | 1.2 (0.96 to 1.5) | 542 (16.0) | 23.4 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) |
| GOLD 0 | 981 (19.9) | 30.0 | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.0) | 687 (20.3) | 23.8 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) |
| Restricted | 510 (10.4) | 39.4 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.4) | 309 (9.1) | 25.9 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.3) |
| Normal | 1358 (27.6) | 22.1 | 1.0 | 1058 (31.2) | 21.3 | 1.0 |
| Total | 4923 | 31.2 | 3388 | 24.8 | ||