Table 3

 Association of fruit and vegetable intake and asthma prevalence in adulthood

Food groups and foods†Quartile of intake (g/day)p test for trend
Q1Q2Q3Q4
*Adjusted for age, total caloric intake, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, menopausal status, and vitamin supplementation use.
†Food groups: leafy vegetables (chicory, lettuce and spinach), fruity vegetables (artichoke, avocado, tomatoes, cucumber, green beans, eggplants, bell pepper, and zucchini), root vegetables (carrots, radish, beetroot, celeriac, and salsify), fruit (orange, grapefruit, mandarin, apple, pear, banana, kiwi, pineapple, strawberries or raspberries, cherry, peach, melon, apricot, raisins, plums, other fruits) and nuts and seeds.
Fruit⩽145.3>145.3–235.4>235.4–333.6>333.6
    Cases (n)543522515565
    Controls (n)16339167001678916562
        Age adjusted OR (95% CI)1.000.94 (0.83 to 1.06)0.92 (0.81 to 1.04)1.02 (0.90 to 1.15)0.8
        Multivariate OR (95% CI)*1.000.93 (0.82 to 1.05)0.91 (0.81 to 1.03)0.98 (0.87 to 1.11)0.7
Citrus fruits⩽1.2>1.2–38.4>38.4–73.3>73.3
    Cases (n)556538511540
    Controls (n)16375166061674516664
        Age adjusted OR (95% CI)1.000.96 (0.85 to 1.08)0.90 (0.80 to 1.02)0.95 (0.84 to 1.07)0.3
        Multivariate OR (95% CI)*1.000.97 (0.86 to 1.10)0.90 (0.80 to 1.02)0.94 (0.83 to 1.06)0.2
Fruits rich in β-carotene⩽2.6>2.6–40.1>40.1–72.1>72.1
    Cases (n)556534523532
    Controls (n)16373166171684816552
        Age adjusted OR (95% CI)1.000.95 (0.84 to 1.07)0.91 (0.81 to 1.03)0.94 (0.84 to 1.07)0.3
        Multivariate OR (95% CI)*1.000.96 (0.85 to 1.08)0.92 (0.81 to 1.04)0.94 (0.83 to 1.06)0.2
Apple0>0–16.2>16.2–31.2>31.2
    Cases (n)572560498515
    Controls (n)16969163051645216664
        Age adjusted OR (95% CI)1.001.02 (0.91 to 1.15)0.90 (0.80 to 1.02)0.91 (0.81 to 1.03)0.04
        Multivariate OR (95% CI)*1.001.04 (0.92 to 1.17)0.90 (0.80 to 1.02)0.90 (0.80 to 1.02)0.03
Nuts and seeds0>0–2.9>2.9–31.2>31.2
    Cases (n)631507461546
    Controls (n)18776158911508016643
        Age adjusted OR (95% CI)1.000.95 (0.85 to 1.07)0.91 (0.81 to 1.03)0.98 (0.87 to 1.11)0.6
        Multivariate OR (95% CI)*1.000.95 (0.85 to 1.07)0.90 (0.79 to 1.01)0.93 (0.82 to 1.05)0.16
Leafy vegetables⩽39.3>39.3–62.9>62.9–90.0>90.0
    Cases (n)572542516515
    Controls (n)16335166941679716564
        Age adjusted OR (95% CI)1.000.93 (0.82 to 1.05)0.88 (0.78 to 0.99)0.89 (0.79 to 1.00)0.03
        Multivariate OR (95% CI)*1.000.91 (0.81 to 1.02)0.85 (0.75 to 0.95)0.82 (0.73 to 0.93)0.0009
Fruity vegetables⩽24.9>24.9–64.8>64.8–101.6>101.6
    Cases (n)578529501537
    Controls (n)16316167111674716616
        Age adjusted OR (95% CI)1.000.89 (0.79 to 1.01)0.85 (0.75 to 0.95)0.91 (0.81 to 1.03)0.08
        Multivariate OR (95% CI)*1.000.92 (0.81 to 1.04)0.84 (0.74 to 0.95)0.87 (0.77 to 0.99)0.01
Tomatoes⩽6.4>6.4–17.9>17.9–28.2>28.2
    Cases (n)570516546513
    Controls (n)16357166891671916625
        Age adjusted OR (95% CI)1.000.90 (0.79 to 1.00)0.94 (0.83 to 1.06)0.89 (0.79 to 1.00)0.11
        Multivariate OR (95% CI)*1.000.91 (0.80 to 1.02)0.93 (0.83 to 1.05)0.85 (0.75 to 0.96)0.02
Root vegetables⩽8.6>8.6–27.5>27.5–44.6>44.6
    Cases (n)571552498524
    Controls (n)16331166731675716629
        Age adjusted OR (95% CI)1.000.95 (0.84 to 1.07)0.85 (0.75 to 0.96)0.90 (0.80 to 1.02)0.03
        Multivariate OR (95% CI)*1.000.97 (0.86 to 1.09)0.85 (0.75 to 0.96)0.86 (0.77 to 0.98)0.004
Carrots⩽3.8>3.8–14.9>14.9–24.9>24.9
    Cases (n)576557517495
    Controls (n)16313167101669816669
        Age adjusted OR (95% CI)1.000.95 (0.84 to 1.06)0.88 (0.78 to 0.99)0.84 (0.74 to 0.95)0.002
        Multivariate OR (95% CI)*1.000.97 (0.86 to 1.09)0.86 (0.78 to 0.99)0.81 (0.72 to 0.92)0.0003
Cabbage⩽1.3>1.3–18.1>18.1–34.8>34.8
    Cases (n)568520505552
    Controls (n)16358166531670516674
        Age adjusted OR (95% CI)1.000.90 (0.80 to 1.02)0.87 (0.77 to 0.98)0.95 (0.85 to 1.07)0.3
        Multivariate OR (95% CI)*1.000.93 (0.82 to 1.05)0.87 (0.77 to 0.98)0.91 (0.81 to 1.03)0.07