Adverse events with tiotropium compared with placebo, ipratropium, and salmeterol, with summary estimates across all available data
| Tiotropium compared with | p value for heterogeneity | Summary estimate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Ipratropium | Salmeterol | |||
| Dry mouth | |||||
| Trials | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0.24 | 7 |
| Participants | 2835 | 535 | 1460 | 4830 | |
| Odds ratio | 4.6 | 2.1 | 4.7 | 3.9 | |
| (95% CI) | (3.0 to 7.1) | (1.05 to 4.2) | (2.4 to 9.2) | (2.8 to 5.5) | |
| Constipation | |||||
| Trials | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0.41 | 3 |
| Participants | 1931 | 535 | 2466 | ||
| Odds ratio | 2.2 | 0.5 | 1.7 | ||
| (95% CI) | (0.95 to 4.8) | (0.1 to 3.6) | (0.8 to 3.7) | ||
| Urinary retention | |||||
| Trials | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0.85 | 4 |
| Participants | 2733 | 807 | 3540 | ||
| Odds ratio | 2.5 | 3.0 | 2.6 | ||
| (95% CI) | (0.5 to 14) | (0.1 to 75) | (0.6 to 12) | ||
| Urinary tract infection | |||||
| Trials | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0.91 | 4 |
| Participants | 2733 | 535 | 3268 | ||
| Odds ratio | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.6 | ||
| (95% CI) | (0.97 to 2.6) | (0.6 to 5.5) | (1.03 to 2.6) | ||
| Chest pain | |||||
| Trials | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0.09 | – |
| Participants | 2733 | 535 | 807 | ||
| Odds ratio | 0.9 | 2.5 | 1.2 | ||
| (95% CI) | (0.4 to 2.0) | (0.8 to 7.4) | (0.6 to 2.4) | ||
| Myocardial infarction | |||||
| Trials | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0.77 | 4 |
| Participants | 2733 | 535 | 3268 | ||
| Odds ratio | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.1 | ||
| (95% CI) | (0.2 to 3.9) | (0.2 to 15) | (0.3 to 3.6) | ||
| Arrhythmia or atrial fibrillation | |||||
| Trials | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0.05 | – |
| Participants | 4561 | 535 | |||
| Odds ratio | 1.4 | 0.8 | |||
| (95% CI) | (0.4 to 5.7) | (0.3 to 1.8) | |||
| Congestive heart failure | |||||
| Trials | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0.86 | 4 |
| Participants | 2837 | 535 | 3372 | ||
| Odds ratio | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.8 | ||
| (95% CI) | (0.4 to 1.6) | (0.1 to 8.1) | (0.4 to 1.5) | ||