Study population stratified by covariates with the weighted proportion in each stratum, the age adjusted geometric mean urine cadmium/creatinine level, and age adjusted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio for each stratum
| Variable | N | Weighted % | Geometric mean (SE) urinary cadmium/creatinine level (μg/g) | Mean (SE) FEV1/FVC (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–94. | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 85+ | 290 | 0.7 | 0.68 (0.03) | 72.6 (0.7) |
| 75–84 | 1212 | 4.1 | 0.64 (0.03) | 71.1 (0.4) |
| 65–74 | 1878 | 9.0 | 0.69 (0.02) | 71.1 (0.4) |
| 45–64 | 3762 | 25.0 | 0.53 (0.02) | 75.0 (0.2) |
| 25–44 | 6135 | 44.9 | 0.25 (0.01) | 80.8 (0.2) |
| 17–24 | 2747 | 16.4 | 0.11 (0.01) | 85.3 (0.2) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 6469 | 76.2 | 0.30 (0.01) | 78.3 (0.2) |
| Black | 4509 | 10.9 | 0.36 (0.01) | 80.4 (0.2) |
| Mexican-American | 4410 | 5.3 | 0.31 (0.01) | 80.7 (0.2) |
| Other | 636 | 7.7 | 0.34 (0.02) | 80.4 (0.4) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 7541 | 48.2 | 0.26 (0.01) | 77.4 (0.2) |
| Female | 8483 | 51.8 | 0.36 (0.01) | 80.0 (0.2) |
| Education level (years) | ||||
| <12 | 6727 | 25.6 | 0.37 (0.01) | 78.5 (0.3) |
| 12 | 4582 | 31.0 | 0.33 (0.02) | 78.5 (0.2) |
| ⩾13 | 4715 | 43.5 | 0.26 (0.01) | 79.1 (0.2) |
| Job category | ||||
| Agriculture | 1456 | 5.9 | 0.27 (0.02) | 77.9 (0.4) |
| Mining/manufacturing | 3735 | 24.3 | 0.32 (0.01) | 78.3 (0.3) |
| Transport | 776 | 5.6 | 0.35 (0.02) | 77.6 (0.5) |
| Service | 5883 | 39.1 | 0.30 (0.01) | 79.2 (0.2) |
| Unemployed | 1285 | 6.1 | 0.34 (0.02) | 78.6 (0.4) |
| Retail | 2889 | 19.1 | 0.30 (0.01) | 79.1 (0.2) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current smoker | 4321 | 30.0 | 0.46 (0.01) | 76.5 (0.2) |
| Former smoker | 3592 | 23.4 | 0.32 (0.01) | 78.1 (0.3) |
| Never smoker | 8111 | 46.6 | 0.23 (0.01) | 80.7 (0.2) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 358 | 2.5 | 0.44 (0.03) | 78.3 (1.1) |
| 18.5–24 | 6282 | 44.2 | 0.30 (0.01) | 78.4 (0.2) |
| 25–29 | 5416 | 31.6 | 0.31 (0.01) | 78.3 (0.2) |
| ⩾30 | 3968 | 21.6 | 0.31 (0.01) | 79.2 (0.3) |
| Years ago quit smoking | ||||
| >0–10 | 1516 | 10.5 | 0.37 (0.01) | 77.5 (0.4) |
| >10–20 | 939 | 6.2 | 0.33 (0.02) | 76.8 (0.3) |
| >20–30 | 533 | 3.4 | 0.27 (0.02) | 74.9 (1.3) |
| >30–40 | 236 | 1.2 | 0.40 (0.05) | 74.3 (0.7) |
| >40 | 210 | 0.9 | 0.40 (0.06) | 76.8 (1.2) |
| Not applicable | 12590 | 77.9 | 0.31 (0.01) | 79.0 (0.1) |
| Pack years of cigarettes | ||||
| ⩾60 | 597 | 3.8 | 0.61 (0.05) | 73.7 (1.7) |
| ⩽30–59 | 1190 | 8.5 | 0.54 (0.02) | 77.4 (0.3) |
| >0–29 | 5886 | 39.6 | 0.36 (0.01) | 78.2 (0.2) |
| 0 | 8351 | 48.0 | 0.23 (0.01) | 80.6 (0.1) |
| Cotinine level (ng/ml) | ||||
| >100 | 3415 | 25.4 | 0.50 (0.02) | 76.1 (0.2) |
| ⩽15–100 | 1004 | 5.6 | 0.28 (0.02) | 78.2 (0.4) |
| ⩽0.3–15 | 3876 | 22.5 | 0.27 (0.02) | 79.6 (0.2) |
| 0.05–0.29 | 5114 | 31.9 | 0.26 (0.01) | 79.7 (0.2) |
| Non-detectable | 1771 | 10.3 | 0.22 (0.02) | 80.1 (0.3) |
| Missing | 844 | 4.3 | 0.30 (0.02) | 79.3 (0.4) |
| Total | 16024 | 100.0 | 0.31 (0.01) | 78.7 (1.1) |