Relationship between asthma and antibiotic use in the first 5 years of life according to indication
| Lower respiratory infections | Non-respiratory infections | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma | Atopic asthma | Asthma | Atopic asthma | |||||||
| No of prescriptions | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | p value* | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | p value* | No of prescriptions | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | p value* | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | p value* | |
| *OR (95% confidence interval) and p value per prescription adjusted for age, sex, social class, parental allergic disease, and number of siblings. | ||||||||||
| Total antibiotics | 513 | 1.30 (1.15 to 1.47) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.13 to 1.46) | <0.001 | 1016 | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.20) | 0.11 | 1.11 (0.99 to 1.24) | 0.08 |
| Total penicillins | 166 | 1.37 (1.05 to 1.79) | 0.01 | 1.37 (1.05 to 1.79) | 0.01 | 329 | 1.12 (0.90 to 1.39) | 0.33 | 1.21 (0.96 to 1.53) | 0.11 |
| Total broad spectrum penicillins | 130 | 1.39 (1.08 to 1.79) | 0.01 | 1.38 (1.04 to 1.83) | 0.04 | 149 | 1.03 (0.72 to 1.47) | 0.87 | 0.91 (0.57 to 1.45) | 0.68 |
| Total cephalosporins | 10 | 3.21 (0.86 to 11.97) | 0.10 | 5.19 (1.33 to 20.23) | 0.03 | 12 | 1.17 (0.27 to 5.16) | 0.84 | 0.81 (0.10 to 6.31) | 0.84 |
| Total tetracyclines | 128 | 1.79 (1.32 to 2.44) | 0.001 | 1.85 (1.34 to 2.56) | <0.001 | 138 | 1.01 (0.67 to 1.50) | 0.98 | 1.05 (0.65 to 1.70) | 0.85 |
| Total aminoglycosides | 3 | – | – | – | – | 101 | 1.22 (0.83 to 1.79) | 0.34 | 1.23 (0.81 to 1.87) | 0.36 |
| Total macrolides | 35 | 0.98 (0.49 to 1.96) | 0.96 | 0.93 (0.41 to 2.10) | 0.86 | 46 | 1.13 (0.59 to 2.18) | 0.72 | 1.24 (0.59 to 2.62) | 0.58 |
| Total sulfonamides | 27 | 5.13 (2.30 to 11.45) | 0.001 | 5.19 (2.21 to 12.15) | 0.001 | 43 | 1.62 (0.92 to 2.85) | 0.11 | 1.32 (0.68 to 2.55) | 0.44 |
| Total other | 14 | 2.63 (0.75 to 9.27) | 0.17 | – | – | 198 | 1.29 (0.94 to 1.77) | 0.12 | 1.42 (1.01 to 2.02) | 0.06 |
| Total antibiotics age 0–1 | 87 | 1.23 (0.81 to 1.88) | 0.36 | 0.95 (0.51 to 1.77) | 0.86 | 186 | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.40) | 0.81 | 0.82 (0.49 to 1.35) | 0.40 |
| Total antibiotics age 1–2 | 115 | 1.59 (1.11 to 2.27) | 0.01 | 1.71 (1.16 to 2.51) | 0.01 | 197 | 1.24 (0.94 to 1.64) | 0.14 | 1.28 (0.93 to 1.74) | 0.15 |
| Total antibiotics age 2–3 | 107 | 1.68 (1.22 to 2.32) | 0.002 | 1.86 (1.31 to 2.65) | 0.001 | 207 | 1.07 (0.81 to 1.41) | 0.64 | 1.14 (0.86 to 1.52) | 0.39 |
| Total antibiotics age 3–4 | 107 | 1.86 (1.33 to 2.62) | <0.001 | 1.96 (1.36 to 2.81) | 0.001 | 214 | 1.22 (0.91 to 1.64) | 0.20 | 1.28 (0.92 to 1.79) | 0.16 |
| Total antibiotics age 4–5 | 97 | 2.06 (1.45 to 2.93) | <0.001 | 1.95 (1.33 to 2.85) | 0.001 | 212 | 1.23 (0.93 to 1.62) | 0.15 | 1.32 (0.97 to 1.78) | 0.09 |