Oral and parenteral opioid studies |
Chua10 | 12 | Post | 512 | 455 | 93.5 | 57 | 38.17/12.85 | –0.61 (–0.88 to –0.34) |
Eiser11 (a) | 10 | Post | 223.5 | 216.0 | 118.1 | 7.5 | 52.83/22.45* | –0.06 (–0.44 to 0.31) |
Eiser11 (b) | 8 | Post | 272 | 263 | 141.4 | 9 | 70.71/14.48 | –0.06 (–0.26 to 0.14) |
Johnson12 | 18 | Post | 249 | 213 | 133.1 | 36 | 44.38/15.39 | –0.27 (–0.49 to –0.05) |
Light 13 | 7 | Change | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.65 | 0.13 | 0.35/0.35† | –0.20 (–1.25 to 0.85) |
Poole14 | 14 | Change | –35.1 | 21.6 | 66.6 | –56.7 | 25.15/24.85 | 0.85 (0.12 to 1.58) |
Woodcock15 | 12 | Change | 53 | 4 | 39.2 | 49 | 16.02/16.02† | –1.25 (–2.05 to –0.45) |
Woodcock16 | 11 | Post | 387 | 368 | 103.2 | 19 | 44.01/18.70* | –0.18 (–0.54 to 0.17) |
| | | | | | | | |
Nebulised opioid studies |
Beauford17 | 8 | Change | 0 | –0.1 | 0.58 | 0.1 | 0.29/0.29† | –0.17 (–1.15 to 0.81) |
Harris-Eze20 | 5 | Post | 425 | 437 | 36.9 | –12 | 21.33/9.06* | 0.32 (–0.16 to 0.81) |
Leung22 | 10 | Change | 2 | 7 | 11 | –5 | 4.92/5.22 | 0.45 (–0.48 to 1.39) |
Young25 | 11 | Change | 64 | 6 | 90.1 | 58 | 38.44/20.70 | –0.64 (–0.89 to –0.39) |
| | | | | | | | |
Meta-analysis | No of studies | Test for heterogeneity | Test for overall effect | SMD (95% CI) |
All studies | 12 | Q=42.5(p<0.0001) | p=0.09 | –0.20 (–0.42 to 0.03) |
Non-nebulised studies | 8 | Q=25.96 (p=0.001) | p=0.08 | –0.22 (–0.47 to 0.03) |
Nebulised studies | 4 | Q=15.0 (p=0.002) | p=0.86 | –0.06 (–0.70 to 0.58) |
COPD studies | 10 | Q=30.6 (p<0.0001) | p=0.12 | –0.19 (–0.43 to 0.05) |