Results of logistic regression for cough and phlegm in relation to environmental factors
| Environmental factor | Odds ratios (95% CI) for symptoms, adjusted for age, sex, region, and other factors shown | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cough without colds | Phlegm with colds | Phlegm without colds | >3 colds per year | Dry night cough without colds | |
| Area (Metropolitan = 1.00) | ** | *** | *** | ||
| Non-metropolitan | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.96) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.02) | 0.84 (0.78 to 0.91) | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.10) | 0.89 (0.83 to 0.95) |
| Pets (None = 1.00) | *** | ** | |||
| Furry pets | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.03) | 1.13 (1.07 to 1.20) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08) | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.16) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.07) |
| Other pets only | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.21) | 1.15 (1.02 to 1.29) | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.18) | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.07) | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.21) |
| Cooking fuel (Electricity only = 1.00) | |||||
| Gas | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.11) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.10) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.14) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.09) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) |
| Other only | 0.94 (0.78 to 1.15) | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.35) | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.14) | 0.94 (0.78 to 1.14) | 1.05 (0.88 to 1.25) |
| Heating fuel (Electricity only = 1.00) | 4-150 | *** | ** | *** | ** |
| Mains gas | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.05) | 1.26 (1.18 to 1.34) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.15) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.08) |
| Coal, wood, oil | 0.93 (0.85 to 1.02) | 1.35 (1.24 to 1.47) | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.13) | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.18) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) |
| Bottled gas, paraffin | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.22) | 1.33 (1.18 to 1.49) | 1.17 (1.02 to 1.33) | 1.27 (1.12 to 1.43) | 1.14 (1.01 to 1.28) |
| Other | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.46) | 1.31 (1.11 to 1.56) | 1.40 (1.16 to 1.69) | 1.50 (1.26 to 1.78) | 1.29 (1.10 to 1.52) |
| Housing (Owned = 1.00) | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** |
| Council | 1.33 (1.24 to 1.43) | 0.82 (0.76 to 0.87) | 1.23 (1.14 to 1.33) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.19) | 1.14 (1.07 to 1.22) |
| Other rented | 1.18 (1.02 to 1.35) | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.16) | 1.11 (0.95 to 1.30) | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.19) | 1.04 (0.91 to 1.18) |
| Other | 1.25 (1.08 to 1.44) | 0.87 (0.76 to 0.99) | 1.07 (0.91 to 1.26) | 1.19 (1.03 to 1.37) | 1.18 (1.03 to 1.34) |
| Passive smoking (Nobody = 1.00) | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
| Mother only | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.35) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.14) | 1.24 (1.12 to 1.37) | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.19) | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.34) |
| Father only | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.34) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) | 1.26 (1.14 to 1.38) | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.21) | 1.14 (1.05 to 1.23) |
| Both | 1.24 (1.14 to 1.36) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) | 1.38 (1.25 to 1.53) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.17) | 1.28 (1.17 to 1.39) |
| Other | 1.52 (1.38 to 1.66) | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.08) | 1.46 (1.37 to 1.58) | 1.33 (1.21 to 1.46) | 1.46 (1.32 to 1.58) |
| Active smoking (Never = 1.00) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
| Ex-smoker | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.21) | 1.46 (1.37 to 1.55) | 1.47 (1.37 to 1.58) | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.23) | 1.44 (1.36 to 1.53) |
| <Once weekly | 1.11 (0.93 to 1.31) | 1.71 (1.45 to 2.03) | 1.60 (1.34 to 1.92) | 1.42 (1.20 to 1.67) | 1.68 (1.44 to 1.96) |
| Weekly not daily | 1.38 (1.17 to 1.62) | 1.96 (1.66 to 2.33) | 2.03 (1.72 to 2.40) | 1.48 (1.26 to 1.74) | 1.82 (1.56 to 2.11) |
| Daily | 2.07 (1.86 to 2.30) | 1.99 (1.78 to 2.22) | 2.68 (2.41 to 2.99) | 1.53 (1.37 to 1.70) | 2.22 (2.00 to 2.46) |
↵4-150 p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 for heterogeneity.