Reference no. | Year | Country | Age | Sample size | Sample selection | Provoking agent | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studies of bronchial reactivity in neonates | |||||||
7 | 91 | Australia | 4 weeks | 63 | Random recruitment at prenatal clinic | Histamine | PC40 (g/l) for VmaxFRC |
Studies of bronchial reactivity in schoolchildren: odds ratios available | |||||||
3,4,8 | 85 | US | 11–16 | 173 | Population sample from East Boston | Cold dry air | Decline in FEV1/VC ⩾9% |
9 | 88 | Italy | 9 | 166 | Population sample from three towns | Carbachol | Fall in FEV1 ⩾20% |
10 | 88 | Italy | 11–14 | 276 | Random sample of children | Methacholine | Fall in FEV1 ⩾20% |
11 | 89 | Germany | 10–14 | 80 | Healthy children from three schools | Exercise + cold air | 50% Raw increase |
12 | 90 | UK | 7 | 770 | 30 primary schools in Edinburgh | Running for 6 min | Fall in FEV1 >10% (other cutoffs available) |
13,14 | 92 | Germany | 8 | 1461 | Children entering primary schools in three towns | Running for 3 min | Decrease in PEF ⩾15% |
15–17 | 91 | Australia | 5–12 | 783 | Children living near power stations | Histamine | Fall in FEV1 ⩾20% |
18 | 94 | Spain | 9–14 | 338 | C-C study based on prevalence survey | Running for 5 min | Fall in PEF >15% |
19 | 94 | Italy | 7–11 | 1183 | Random sample of schools in two areas | Methacholine | PC20 >64 mg/ml |
20 | 95 | Norway | 7–13 | 529 | Children from two valleys in Western Norway | Methacholine | PC20 ⩽8 mg/ml (or 20% increase in FEV1 after bronchodilator) |
Studies of bronchial reactivity in schoolchildren: odds ratios not available | |||||||
21,22 | 89 | Denmark | 7–16 | 495 | Population sample around Copenhagen University | Histamine | PC20 <8.0 mg/ml |
23 | 91 | Hungary | 9–13 | 206 | Children with “obstructive bronchitis” | Aceticholine | Fall in PEF (or FEV1⩾20% |
24 | 92 | Australia | 7–12 | 1217 | Schoolchildren from Sydney suburb | Histamine | PC20 ⩽3.9 μmol) |
25 | 94 | Hong Kong | 9–12 | 412 | Four schools in two districts | Fall in FEV1 ⩾20% | |
26 | 94 | Croatia | 7–14 | 1201 | ? | Cold dry air | |
Studies of bronchial reactivity in schoolchildren: data not published | |||||||
27 | 90 | Germany | 7–16 | 623 | Mail invitation to 7500 children | Carbachol | |
28 | 94 | Australia | 8–11 | 2765 | All schools in three areas | Histamine | Fall in FEV1 ⩾20% or ⩾15% bronchodilation if FEV1 <60% predicted |
29 | 96 | Australia | 8–11 | 808 | Children living near GPO in Sydney | Running for 6 min | Fall in FEV1 ⩾15% |
30 | 96 | New Zealand | 9–15 | 1037 | Dunedin birth cohort | Methacholine | PC20 FEV1 ⩽8 mg/ml (or bronchodilation ⩾10% after salbutamol) |
Study of bronchial reactivity amongst referrals to an allergy clinic | |||||||
2,31–34 | 86 | Canada | 7–17 | 41 | Allergy referrals with history of asthma/wheeze | Histamine | PC20 |
Observational studies of PEF variability | |||||||
35 | 90 | USA | 5–14 | 108 | Community study in Tucson | Observational | “Diurnal variation” in PEF |
36 | 92 | Italy | 10–11 | 40 | Unclear | Observational | Circadian rythm of PEF |
37 | 93 | Germany | 8 | 1237 | All children entering primary school in three towns | Observational | Average over 5 days of PEFhigh–PEFlow/PEF mean |
38 | 96 | Holland | 9.3 | 55 | Unclear - “Children with allergic asthma at primary school” | Observational | (PEFhigh–PEFlow)/PEFmean |
Study of bronchodilation in school aged children | |||||||
39 | 83 | US | 6–12 | 183 | Children attending school in Iowa city | Isoproterenol | Change in FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEF25, FEF50, FEF75 |
Studies of the acute effects of ETS exposure | |||||||
40 | 91 | Germany | 8–13 | 11 | Asthmatic children | Histamine | Concentration leading to 20% fall in FEV1 |
41 | 93 | Germany | 8–13 | 13 | Asthmatic children | Cycling for 6 min | % fall in FEV1 after exercise |
42 | 89 | Mexico | 6–16 | 62 | Asthmatic children | None | FVC, FEV, MMEF measured before and after ETS exposure |
C-C = case-control; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in one second; VC = vital capacity; PC20 = concentration required to reduce FEV1 by 20%; PEF = peak expiratory flow; ETS = environmental tobacco smoke.