PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Garnett, James P
AU  - Baker, Emma H
AU  - Naik, Sonam
AU  - Lindsay, Jodi A
AU  - Knight, Gwenan M
AU  - Gill, Simren
AU  - Tregoning, John S
AU  - Baines, Deborah L
TI  - Metformin reduces airway glucose permeability and hyperglycaemia-induced <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> load independently of effects on blood glucose
AID  - 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-203178
DP  - 2013 Sep 01
TA  - Thorax
PG  - 835--845
VI  - 68
IP  - 9
4099  - http://thorax.bmj.com/content/68/9/835.short
4100  - http://thorax.bmj.com/content/68/9/835.full
SO  - Thorax2013 Sep 01; 68
AB  - Background Diabetes is a risk factor for respiratory infection, and hyperglycaemia is associated with increased glucose in airway surface liquid and risk of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Objectives To investigate whether elevation of basolateral/blood glucose concentration promotes airway Staphylococcus aureus growth and whether pretreatment with the antidiabetic drug metformin affects this relationship. Methods Human airway epithelial cells grown at air–liquid interface (±18 h pre-treatment, 30 μM–1 mM metformin) were inoculated with 5×105 colony-forming units (CFU)/cm2 S aureus 8325-4 or JE2 or Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 on the apical surface and incubated for 7 h. Wild-type C57BL/6 or db/db (leptin receptor-deficient) mice, 6–10 weeks old, were treated with intraperitoneal phosphate-buffered saline or 40 mg/kg metformin for 2 days before intranasal inoculation with 1×107 CFU S aureus. Mice were culled 24 h after infection and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected. Results Apical S aureus growth increased with basolateral glucose concentration in an in vitro airway epithelia–bacteria co-culture model. S aureus reduced transepithelial electrical resistance (RT) and increased paracellular glucose flux. Metformin inhibited the glucose-induced growth of S aureus, increased RT and decreased glucose flux. Diabetic (db/db) mice infected with S aureus exhibited a higher bacterial load in their airways than control mice after 2 days and metformin treatment reversed this effect. Metformin did not decrease blood glucose but reduced paracellular flux across ex vivo murine tracheas. Conclusions Hyperglycaemia promotes respiratory S aureus infection, and metformin modifies glucose flux across the airway epithelium to limit hyperglycaemia-induced bacterial growth. Metformin might, therefore, be of additional benefit in the prevention and treatment of respiratory infection.