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Tuberculosis
Original research
Effect modification of greenness on PM2.5 associated all-cause mortality in a multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cohort
  1. Erjia Ge1,
  2. Jianhui Gao1,
  3. Xiaolin Wei1,
  4. Zhoupeng Ren2,
  5. Jing Wei3,
  6. Xin Liu4,
  7. Xiaomeng Wang5,
  8. Jieming Zhong5,
  9. Jingru Lu6,
  10. Xiaomei Tian6,
  11. Fangrong Fei5,
  12. Bin Chen5,
  13. Xiaolin Wang6,
  14. Ying Peng5,
  15. Ming Luo7,
  16. Juan Lei6
  1. 1 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  2. 2 State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System (LREIS), Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  3. 3 Iowa Technology Institute, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
  4. 4 School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
  5. 5 Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
  6. 6 Institute of Ningxia Tuberculosis Control, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
  7. 7 School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  1. Correspondence to Dr Ying Peng, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; ypeng{at}cdc.zj.cn; Dr. Ming Luo, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; luom38{at}mail.sysu.edu.cn; Dr Juan Lei, Institute of Ningxia Tuberculosis Control, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; leijuan.316{at}163.com

Abstract

Rationale Evidence for the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and mortality among patients with tuberculosis (TB) is limited. Whether greenness protects air pollution-related mortality among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is completely unknown.

Methods 2305 patients reported in Zhejiang and Ningxia were followed up from MDR-TB diagnosis until death, loss to follow-up or end of the study (31 December 2019), with an average follow-up of 1724 days per patient. 16-day averages of contemporaneous Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the 500 m buffer of patient’s residence, annual average PM2.5 and estimated oxidant capacity Ox were assigned to patients regarding their geocoded home addresses. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate HRs per 10 μg/m3 exposure to PM2.5 and all-cause mortality among the cohort and individuals across the three tertiles, adjusting for potential covariates.

Results HRs of 1.702 (95% CI 1.680 to 1.725) and 1.169 (1.162 to 1.175) were observed for PM2.5 associated with mortality for the full cohort and individuals with the greatest tertile of NDVI. Exposures to PM2.5 were stronger in association with mortality for younger patients (HR 2.434 (2.432 to 2.435)), female (2.209 (1.874 to 2.845)), patients in rural (1.780 (1.731 to 1.829)) and from Ningxia (1.221 (1.078 to 1.385)). Cumulative exposures increased the HRs of PM2.5-related mortality, while greater greenness flattened the risk with HRs reduced in 0.188–0.194 on average.

Conclusions Individuals with MDR-TB could benefit from greenness by having attenuated associations between PM2.5 and mortality. Improving greener space and air quality may contribute to lower the risk of mortality from TB/MDR-TB and other diseases.

  • tuberculosis

Data availability statement

Data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. The deidentified MDR-TB cases data are not publicly accessible unless approved by the Zhejiang CDC and The 4th People’s Hospital of Ningxia Province.

https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216819

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    Data availability statement

    Data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. The deidentified MDR-TB cases data are not publicly accessible unless approved by the Zhejiang CDC and The 4th People’s Hospital of Ningxia Province.

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    Footnotes

    • Funding This study was supported to JL and YP by the National Health Commission of China-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation TB Project (OPP1137180) and the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia (NZ17219), to YP by the Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Health Project (2019RC135) and the State Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University (FHTA2019-05), to BC by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (71640019), and to ML by the Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province (2017GC010634).

    • Disclaimer The funders had no roles in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision on publish and preparation for the manuscript.

    • Map disclaimer The depiction of boundaries on the map(s) in this article does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BMJ (or any member of its group) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, jurisdiction or area or of its authorities. The map(s) are provided without any warranty of any kind, either express or implied.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.