I thank Keene et al for their letter.1 I am pleased to clarify the issues they have raised about my paper.2 First, I agree that when dealing with recurrent events such as exacerbations, it is statistically more informative to analyse all events with tools such as incidence rates and rate differences. The point of my paper, however, was that inverting these rate differences and calling the result a number needed to treat (NNT) is simply wrong. For example, while the rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation from the TORCH trial are valid representations of the incidence, using them to compute an ‘NNT of 4 to prevent one exacerbation in 1 year’ is incorrect.2 The only valid NNT in this case is instantaneous, namely 1250 patients need to be treated on a given day to prevent one exacerbation on that day.2 Incidentally, the issue of extra-Poisson variability is not relevant to the rate, only to its variance and CIs, which were not the object of the NNT discussion.3

Second, to stretch the NNT over a treatment period longer than a day, one must use the cumulative incidence and not the rate. This is best done by the Kaplan–Meier approach that provides the cumulative incidence of the first exacerbation.4 This use of the first exacerbation is a necessary limitation if one is resolute in computing the NNT. Besides, the statement ‘if all patients experience at least one event, then the patient-based NNT is infinite’ is incorrect.1 The Kaplan–Meier curve is definitely estimable in this case (no censored observations), providing finite values for the patient-based NNT.

Third, the INSPIRE trial is, on the contrary, most suited for the question at hand as it reflects two pragmatic alternative ways in which clinicians treat COPD patients.5 Its conclusion that ‘pneumonia is much less frequent than exacerbation in COPD’ can be misconstrued as fluticasone having less impact on pneumonia than on exacerbations.6 This impact must be based on difference or ratio measures including the NNT. Using all 87 pneumonias and 2255 COPD exacerbations requiring healthcare from that trial, rather than only the first event, as table 1 displays, the rate differences show that the fluticasone–salmeterol combination increases the frequencies of COPD exacerbations, albeit not significantly, and of pneumonia compared with tiotropium.

While not particularly for or against the NNT measure of impact, I remain a strong advocate of clarity in the presentation and interpretation of scientific data, especially in journals with a clinical penchant.