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Original article
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is increased in patients with COPD and induced by cigarette smoke
  1. Javier Milara1,2,3,
  2. Teresa Peiró3,4,
  3. Adela Serrano3,4,
  4. Julio Cortijo1,3,4,5
  1. 1Clinical research Unit (UIC), University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
  2. 2Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
  3. 3Research Foundation, General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  4. 4Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  5. 5CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
  1. Correspondence to Dr Javier Milara, Unidad de Investigación, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Avenida Tres Cruces s/n, Valencia E-46014, Spain; xmilara{at}hotmail.com

Abstract

Background Cigarette smoking contributes to lung remodelling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). As part of remodelling, peribronchiolar fibrosis is observed in the small airways of patients with COPD and contributes to airway obstruction. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) appears to be involved in the formation of peribronchiolar fibrosis. This study examines the EMT process in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) from non-smokers, smokers and patients with COPD as well as the in vitro effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on EMT.

Methods HBECs from non-smokers (n=5), smokers (n=12) and patients with COPD (n=15) were collected to measure the mesenchymal markers α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin and collagen type I and the epithelial markers E-cadherin, ZO-1 and cytokeratin 5 and 18 by real time-PCR and protein array. In vitro differentiated bronchial epithelial cells were stimulated with CSE.

Results Mesenchymal markers were upregulated in HBECs of smokers and patients with COPD compared with non-smokers. In contrast, epithelial cell markers were downregulated. In vitro differentiated HBECs underwent EMT after 72 h of CSE exposure through the activation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, the release and autocrine action of transforming growth factor β1, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Smad3 and by the downregulation of cyclic monophosphate.

Conclusions The EMT process is present in bronchial epithelial cells of the small bronchi of smokers and patients with COPD and is activated by cigarette smoke in vitro.

  • Airway Epithelium
  • COPD Pathology
  • Oxidative Stress
  • Tobacco and the lung

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