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15-Lipoxygenases and its metabolites 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE in the development of non-small cell lung cancer
  1. Huiling Yuan1,
  2. Ming-Yue Li1,
  3. Lily T Ma2,
  4. Michael K Y Hsin1,
  5. Tony S K Mok3,
  6. Malcolm J Underwood1,
  7. George G Chen1
  1. 1Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
  2. 2Department of Anatomic and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
  3. 3Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
  1. Correspondence to Dr George G Chen, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; gchen{at}cuhk.edu.hk

Abstract

Background 15-S-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE) and 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE), both of which are metabolites of 15-lipoxygenases (15-LOXs), are endogenous ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The activation of PPARγ inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in some cancers. The role of 15(S)-HETE) and 13(S)-HODE in the development of lung cancer is not clear.

Methods 15-LOXs, 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE were monitored during the development of mouse lung tumours induced by the tobacco smoke carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and the levels of these markers were determined in 54 human non-small cell lung cancers.

Results 15-LOXs, 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE levels were significantly reduced in human lung cancer tissue compared with non-tumour lung tissue (p=0.011 and p=0.022, respectively). In mouse experiments, 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE started to reduce at 26 and 30 weeks, respectively, after NNK treatment. The time frame of 15(S)-HETE reduction was in line with the decrease in 12/15-LOX mRNA and protein. A significant difference in the number of tumours in NNK-treated mice and controls was not observed until week 34 (p<0.05) and week 38 (p<0.01). The reduction in 12/15-LOX and 15(S)-HETE therefore predated the appearance of lung tumour. Furthermore, PPARγ activity was decreased in NNK-treated mouse lungs compared with the control, and the decreased PPARγ activity occurred at the same time points as the reduction in 12/15-LOX and 15(S)-HETE.

Conclusion These findings indicate that the reduction in 15-LOX, 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE results in the decreased PPARγ activity seen in lung tumours and contributes to the development of lung tumours induced by tobacco smoking.

  • Lung tumour
  • 15-lipoxygenases
  • 15(S)-HETE
  • 13(S)-HODE
  • PPARγ
  • lung cancer
  • non-small cell lung cancer

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Footnotes

  • Competing interests None.

  • Ethics approval This study was conducted with the approval of the Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong—New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee, Hong Kong.

  • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.