In this paper we present data on the assessment and treatment of asthma in a large sample (13,899 subjects) representative of the population of young males living in four districts of the Tuscany region (Italy). In this group, 404 asthmatics (2.9%) were identified and 365 of the eligible patients were included in the study. A total of 323 asthmatics (88.5%) reported respiratory symptoms during the preceding year. A total of 162 asthmatics (44%) had previously had lung function tests to assess asthma, whereas in 89% of the patients the atopic component of asthma had been previously evaluated by prick tests. Fifty-seven percent of the patients in whom bronchial obstruction was observed and 38% of the asthmatics with severe bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BH) were receiving either no medication or treatment with only one drug. The drugs prescribed most frequently during the preceding year were beta agonists (56%) as opposed to sodium cromoglycate (22%) and inhaled steroids (17%); the latter two drugs were included in the therapy of 143 asthmatics (39%) and represented the treatment of choice in 16% of the subjects with bronchial obstruction and in 38% of the subjects with severe BH. We conclude that in our sample of young asthmatics the pulmonary function tests and the inhaled anti-inflammatory drugs were insufficiently utilized.