Ethical attitudes of Japanese physicians regarding life-sustaining treatment for children with severe neurological disabilities (SND) were investigated by mailing a translated questionnaire which the Child Neurology Society (CNS) of the United States used for their survey. The questionnaire was sent to 202 council members of the Japanese Society of Child Neurology (JSCN), and the answers of 147 respondents (72.8%) were analyzed. It was found that the majority (85. 0%) of respondents believed that the same level of care should be provided to children with SND as those without it. However, fewer respondents (15.6%) believed that cardiopulmonary resuscitation was indicated for children with progressive or degenerative brain disorders. With respect to the authoritative role of medical indications and family/guardian's wishes in clinical decision-making for children with SND, about 30% of respondents believed that medical indications should override family/guardian's wishes. However, almost as many respondents (29.9%) chose an ambivalent answer. If compared with the results of the preceding CNS survey, considerably more respondents gave ambivalent answers (average 26. 6%) than in the CNS survey (5.8%). About half of the respondents (49. 0%) acknowledged the need for ethical guidelines to help physicians make ethically difficult decisions. Although statistical comparison was not possible, there were considerable differences between the results of the current study and those of the CNS survey.