Original Articles: Asthma, Rhinitis, Other Respiratory DiseasesRhinovirus infection induces expression of type 2 nitric oxide synthase in human respiratory epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo☆,☆☆
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Viruses and cell lines
HRV-16 and WI-38 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md). Additional HRV-16 viral stocks were generated by passage in WI-38 cells and purified by centrifugation through sucrose gradients, as previously described.5 For some experiments, HRV-16 was inactivated by UV exposure for 30 minutes, as previously described.28
Rhinovirus inoculum for in vivo studies
A small seed stock of safety-tested HRV-16 inoculum was kindly provided by Dr Elliott Dick (University of Wisconsin) and was passaged through a
HRV-16 infection of epithelial cells induces expression of NOS 2 mRNA and protein
HRV-16 infection of cultured primary human bronchial epithelial cells induced the expression of mRNA for NOS 2 at 24 and 48 hours after infection (Fig 1). Relative gel band areas in arbitrary
Discussion
The initial host responses to viral infections are rapid and nonspecific innate immune responses. Increasing evidence suggests that the free radical NO is an important effector molecule in these early responses to viruses. We previously demonstrated that NO inhibits not only rhinovirus replication but also rhinovirus-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting that NO may play an important antiviral role in rhinovirus infections.5 The present studies now demonstrate that one
Acknowledgements
We thank Curt Reynolds for identifying the subjects for these studies and for performing the nasal lavage and scraping; Alexandre Samouilov for assistance with the chemiluminescence NO analyzer; and Kelly Kehoe and Camille Dickerson for technical support.
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Supported by grant Nos. HL61011, AI44696, and AI37163 from the National Institutes of Health.
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Reprint requests: Scherer P. Sanders, PhD, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224.