Mechanisms of asthma and allergic inflammationAdvances in mechanisms of allergy
Section snippets
Predictors and prevention of allergic disease development
Three studies in the JACI focused predominantly on young children and infants, attempting to identify surrogate markers in this population that would be predictive of allergic disease development. Gore et al1 showed that urinary eosinophil protein X (U-EPX) levels, measured prospectively from birth through the first 3 years of life, were slightly increased in nonatopic children with wheezing or eczema compared with those in nonatopic asymptomatic children. However, children who had allergic
Development of allergic sensitization and airway inflammation
A first step in the development of allergic diseases and inflammation is allergen sensitization and the production of IgE. The factors regulating these processes provide insight into mechanisms of disease at many levels, including initiation, progression, and persistence. Furthermore, these processes become eventual therapeutic targets.
With the development and availability of mAbs against TNF-α, this cytokine has gained importance and interest. Iwasaki et al7 evaluated the effect of TNF-α on
Genetics and asthma
Gene-by-environment interaction is an important component in the eventual expression of asthma. To illustrate, Colilla et al,16 in the Collaborative Study for the Genetics of Asthma, examined the hypothesis that environmental tobacco smoke exposure might interact with susceptible genes to determine the expression of asthma. These areas were identified with nominal evidence for linkage and showed a significant increase from baseline lod score; 2 other areas not meeting nominal significance also
Pathophysiology of allergic diseases
One of the problems faced by clinicians and scientists is the issue of disease heterogeneity. It would thus be useful, both for research and clinical purposes, to have other ways of classifying disease activity or severity in such a way as to predict pathophysiology and response to specific classes of medications. An example of one such study is the article by Prosperini et al,18 which examined the effects of an inhaled steroid, budesonide, on induced sputum cytology and airway
Respiratory infections and their relationship to asthma
Respiratory infections are a major cause of asthma exacerbations. Although these attacks are usually caused by respiratory viruses, Chlamydia pneumoniae has recently also been identified as a causative agent. Little is known, however, about host factors that lead to patient susceptibility to these consequences of respiratory infections. To address this void, Nagy et al39 measured the immune response to C pneumoniae infection in 139 children with asthma compared with that in 174 healthy control
Eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell biology
As recently reviewed in the JACI,41., 42. the role of the eosinophil in asthma pathophysiology remains controversial. The disappointing lack of therapeutic benefit from IL-5–directed therapies in asthma must be tempered with the understanding that this therapy failed to completely eliminate eosinophils from the airways. Indeed, very recent reports with IL-5 antibody show promise for treatment of other hypereosinophilic disorders.43., 44. Given the continued correlation of eosinophils and
Conclusion
This review summarized selected articles appearing between 2002 and 2003 in the Mechanisms of Allergy section of the JACI (and a few other selected journals). Articles chosen include those dealing with predictors and prevention of allergic disease development, development of allergic sensitization and airway inflammation, genetics and asthma, pathophysiology of allergic diseases, respiratory infections and their relationship to asthma, and eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell biology (Table I).
References (54)
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Urinary eosinophilic protein X, atopy, and symptoms suggestive of allergic disease at 3 years of age
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2003) - et al.
Developmental cytokine response profiles and the clinical and immunologic expression of atopy during the first year of life
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2003) - et al.
The effect of hydrolyzed cow's milk formula for allergy prevention in the first year of life: the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study, a randomized double-blind trial
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2003) - et al.
A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cetirizine in preventing the onset of asthma in children with atopic dermatitis: 18 months' treatment and 18 months' posttreatment follow-up
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2001) - et al.
Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial
Lancet
(2003) - et al.
TNF-alpha contributes to the development of allergic rhinitis in mice
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2003) - et al.
Exposure to endotoxin and allergen in early life and its effect on allergen sensitization in mice
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2003) - et al.
Comparison of the effects of repetitive low-dose and single-dose antigen challenge on airway inflammation
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2003) - et al.
Site-specific sensitization in a murine model of allergic rhinitis: role of the upper airway in lower airways disease
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2002) - et al.
Segmental allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma leads to increased IL-9 expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytes
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2003)
Release of both CCR4-active and CXCR3-active chemokines during human allergic pulmonary late-phase reactions
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Eotaxin-2 and IL-5 cooperate in the lung to regulate IL-13 production and airway eosinophilia and hyperreactivity
J Allergy Clin Immunol
The effects of CD8+gammadelta T cells on late allergic airway responses and airway inflammation in rats
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Evidence for gene-environment interactions in a linkage study of asthma and smoking exposure
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Association of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) gene with asthma in ethnically diverse populations
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Changes in sputum counts and airway hyperresponsiveness after budesonide: monitoring anti-inflammatory response on the basis of surrogate markers of airway inflammation
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Elevated complement C3a in plasma from patients with severe acute asthma
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Bronchoalveolar lavage cytokine profiles in acute asthma and acute bronchiolitis
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Relationship of exhaled nitric oxide to clinical and inflammatory markers of persistent asthma in children
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial
Lancet
Allergic asthma and an anti-CD23 mAb (IDEC-152): results of a phase I, single-dose, dose-escalating clinical trial
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Features of airway remodeling and eosinophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis: is the histopathology similar to asthma?
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Nasal mucosal gene expression in patients with allergic rhinitis with and without nasal polyps
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Cysteinyl leukotriene expression in chronic hyperplastic sinusitis-nasal polyposis: importance to eosinophilia and asthma
J Allergy Clin Immunol
CysLT1 receptor upregulation by TGF-beta and IL-13 is associated with bronchial smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to LTD4
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Effect of nasal triamcinolone acetonide on lower airway inflammatory markers in patients with allergic rhinitis
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Expression of Smad7 in bronchial epithelial cells is inversely correlated to basement membrane thickness and airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with asthma
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Cited by (38)
Evaluation of the frequency of food allergens based on skin prick test in children in Kurdistan Province – Iran
2018, Allergologia et ImmunopathologiaCitation Excerpt :In children, more than 85% of food allergens are reported to be related to cow's milk, egg, peanut, soy, fish, and wheat.5 Gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces are the principal place of formation of allergic reactions that have the ability to distinguish between safe food, normal flora bacteria, and dangerous pathogens.6,7 Among the risk factors of creating food allergies is the activation of Th2 cells, which secrete interleukins 4 and 13.8
Th2 related markers in milk allergic inflammatory mice model, versus OVA
2017, Journal of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyCitation Excerpt :Hence in the present study we compared the potency of low fat milk to that of OVA with regard to the induction of allergic airway inflammation like symptoms in Balb/c mice. Asthma complicated features are attributed mainly to the infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes into the airway wall causing mucus hypersecretion [3,29]. In the present study, we focused more on the allergic inflammatory response in the airway, which is an important factor in allergic asthma disease.
Curcumin attenuates ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation by regulating nitric oxide
2008, Biochemical and Biophysical Research CommunicationsLycopene suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma
2008, Biochemical and Biophysical Research CommunicationsThe allergic cascade: Review of the most important molecules in the asthmatic lung
2007, Immunology LettersCitation Excerpt :Research has focused on mechanisms of airway inflammation, regulation of these processes, and translation of these events into altered lung function. The use of animal models, in vitro tests, human allergen challenge studies, and biopsy and lavage studies that generate human samples for ex vivo analysis, continues to expand our understanding of the role of various mediators, inflammatory molecules, and cellular and physiologic changes associated with allergic disorders [10]. Recent research focuses specifically on early markers for respiratory diseases using preferably non-invasive techniques such as exhaled breath condensate (EBC).