Rationale and design of a randomized trial of home electronic symptom and lung function monitoring to detect cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: The early intervention in cystic fibrosis exacerbation (eICE) trial☆
Introduction
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-shortening inherited disease in Caucasians and affects approximately 30,000 individuals in the U.S. It is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations of a chloride channel, the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). CF is a systemic disease, which has profound effects on the respiratory and digestive systems. Individuals with CF have abnormally viscous mucus in their airways and develop chronic pulmonary infections. Most with CF suffer from pancreatic insufficiency and do not absorb nutrients normally [1], [2]. Despite extensive advances in our understanding of the basic science of CF, the large majority of individuals with CF die from respiratory failure after repeated events termed acute pulmonary exacerbations. Exacerbations are common and present clinically with increased cough, increased sputum production, dyspnea, decreased energy level and appetite, weight loss, and decreases in spirometry [3]. These episodes are likely related to a complex relationship between host defense and airway microorganisms that impact sputum production and airflow obstruction. Pulmonary exacerbations have been associated with decreased survival [4], [5], [6], [7], diminished future lung function [8], CF related diabetes [9], sleep disturbances and worse health related quality of life [10], [11]. The mainstay of exacerbation treatment is antibiotic therapy (intravenous, oral, or inhaled), airway clearance, mucolytics, and sometimes corticosteroids as an immune-modulator [12]. Pulmonary function tests, and the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in particular, are the best clinical method for objectively evaluating lung health in CF [13]. Changes in FEV1 can be used, in part, to define exacerbations, and to monitor response to treatment. Currently, unlike patients with asthma, individuals with CF do not routinely monitor their lung function at home, nor do they objectively track respiratory symptoms. Consequently, CF pulmonary exacerbations can be diagnosed weeks after onset when their symptoms progress to a point at which they seek medical care [14]. Use of home monitoring of lung function and symptoms may allow for earlier detection of pulmonary exacerbations, which would allow earlier treatment. This study will test the hypothesis that earlier treatment of CF exacerbations will result in better clinical outcomes.
Investigators reported on their experiences with home monitoring in CF in the late 1980's and early 1990's [15], [16]. For a two-year period, 111 CF individuals maintained daily diaries recording vital capacity, weight, respiratory rate, pulse, and symptoms. The daily participation rate was approximately 80%. Subsequently, these investigators carried out a non-concurrent cohort study on 50 individuals with CF [16]. Twenty-five participants were selected randomly from the group that had used home monitoring and were matched to 25 participants that had not performed home monitoring. The groups were matched on age and gender and followed for four years. FEV1 declined from 73.1% predicted to 70.1% predicted in the home monitoring group (N.S.) and declined from 72.3% predicted to 60.8% (p < 0.001) in the control group. Later extensions of this early work demonstrated the ability of patients to transmit the results of their home spirometry to the CF clinic via computer modem [17]. Our group has completed several pilot studies demonstrating that home spirometry and symptom measurement with a single electronic device is feasible [18], [19], [20]. We also completed a randomized pilot study showing that home monitoring can detect more exacerbations than standard care [21]. The current trial is the first large, randomized trial to assess the efficacy of home symptom and lung function monitoring on change in FEV1. Enrollment began in October 2011 and completion is expected in the spring of 2014 (Fig. 1). The study objectives are listed in Table 1.
Section snippets
General overview
This is a randomized, non-blinded, multi-center trial in individuals with CF. The study compares a usual care arm to an early intervention arm. The intervention arm uses small electronic devices capable of electronic data transmission, to perform home spirometry and assessment of patient reported respiratory symptoms. We are using computerized remote data collection to identify and trigger the treatment of pulmonary exacerbation in adolescents and adults with CF (Fig. 2). Additionally, subjects
Discussion
The early intervention in CF exacerbation (eICE) trial is a multicenter randomized trial of home symptom and lung function monitoring, with the goal of identifying acute pulmonary exacerbations earlier than with routine care, thus allowing for earlier treatment. The study objective is to determine if the home monitoring intervention will result in better clinical outcomes, with lung function as the primary outcome measure. Accredited CF care centers nationwide are very familiar with clinical
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by grants from the NIH/NHBI (R01 HL103965) and the CF Foundation.
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Cited by (29)
Emerging Approaches to Monitor and Modify Care in the Era of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulators
2022, Clinics in Chest MedicineA comparison of clinic and home spirometry as longtudinal outcomes in cystic fibrosis
2022, Journal of Cystic FibrosisCitation Excerpt :Additionally, several common analytic methods are contrasted to suggest strategies for optimizing the use of home spirometry data in future CF research. The study design for the eICE trial (NCT01104402) has been previously described [5]. From 2011 to 2015, 135 eligible study participants with age ≥14 years and forced expiratory volume in one second percent of predicted (ppFEV1) > 25 were randomized into the early intervention arm from 13 participating centers.
Health care costs related to home spirometry in the eICE randomized trial
2022, Journal of Cystic FibrosisCitation Excerpt :This is in the context of CF as a very high-cost disease in the US where medications can account for up to 85% of total costs; PEs requiring IV antibiotics are more than 10 times as costly as those requiring only oral antibiotics [6,7]. Developing interventions that prevent exacerbations or minimize their impact are vital for improving patient outcomes and decreasing the burdensome healthcare costs of CF care [8,9]. One strategy that has been considered to minimize the impact of PEs is the use of home spirometry [assessing forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)] coupled with regular symptom tracking, in order to identify PEs as early as possible and intervene before they become severe [10–14].
Integrating Patient-Reported Outcomes Into Research and Clinical Practice
2019, Kendig's Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in ChildrenRationalizing endpoints for prospective studies of pulmonary exacerbation treatment response in cystic fibrosis
2017, Journal of Cystic FibrosisCitation Excerpt :In addition, the STOP study was dominated by adult participants [18]; studies in younger patients may reach different conclusions with respect to endpoint suitability. Of note, the CRISS can currently only be collected from subjects ≥ 12 years of age [29] and spirometry is consistently reliable in patients ≥ 6 years of age, but pulmonary exacerbations occur frequently in individuals with CF of all ages, including infants [21,22]. We report sample size requirements for non-inferiority studies in which we arbitrarily chose retention of 50% of the lowest possible expected efficacy for each endpoint as our non-inferiority margins.
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Funding support: NHLBI R01HL103965, NIDDK P30DK089507, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.