Non–AIDS-defining cancer in HIV-infected people
Section snippets
Skin cancer
HIV-infected people appear to be at increased risk for developing cutaneous malignancies. KS is the most common cutaneous tumor associated with AIDS; however, other primary skin cancers have been described in people with HIV infection including basal cell carcinoma [14], [15], [18], [29], [30], [31], squamous cell carcinoma [14], [15], [18], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], and melanoma [14], [15], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44].
Basal cell carcinoma is seen in increased incidence
Head and neck carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck that are associated with HIV infection have been well described [13], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51]. Although concurrent HIV infection and squamous cell carcinomas throughout the oral mucosa, conjuctiva, and head and neck have been reported, cancers of the larynx are most common, comprising up to 62% of cases [13], [50], [51]. Published series [13], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51] report that the majority of patients present with stage III
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths of men and women in the United States [52]. Although nearly one thousand cases of lung cancer in HIV-infected people have been reported in the literature, the association between lung cancer and HIV infection remains uncertain and available data does not link the incidence of lung cancer with the degree of immunosuppression [11], [12], [20], [25], [26], [27], [28], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56]. Early reports of lung cancer concurrent with HIV
Colorectal cancer
In the United States, colorectal cancer ranks third as a cause of overall cancer deaths in both genders, and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men aged 40 to 59 years [52]. Data on the incidence and natural history of colon cancer in people infected with HIV are limited. A retrospective review [19] linking cancer and HIV/AIDS registry data from Harris County, Texas from 1975 to 1994 identified HIV-infected people with malignancies. The incidence of cancer in this cohort was
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women in the United States [52]. An analysis of United States-linked population-based AIDS and cancer registries [20] identified 143 breast cancers, with the overall number of breast cancers close to the number expected (relative risk = 1.1). In this analysis [20], the prevalence of new cases of breast cancer increased in women with newly diagnosed HIV infections, most likely
Testicular cancer
Germ cell tumors may occur in increased incidence in HIV-infected men compared with the general population [16], [20], [89]. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) [89] reported an eightfold increase in seminoma cases in HIV-infected men compared with seronegative cases. The AIDS-Cancer Match Registry Study Group [16], [20] reported a moderate increase in the incidence of seminoma in HIV-infected men, with a further increase in men with AIDS (relative risk = 2.9) compared with those with
Summary
Since the advent of HAART, the natural history of HIV disease has been changing, with decreased risk of life-threatening opportunistic infections and prolonged survival. Concurrently, a variety of non–AIDS-defining cancers have been reported with increased incidence in HIV-infected adults, including anal cancer, Hodgkin's disease, head and neck cancer, testicular cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer of the skin, and melanoma. It appears that these tumors
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