ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION: A FUNCTION OF TRACHEOBRONCHIAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL MUCUS

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91822-1

The Lancet

Volume 323, Issue 8390, 16 June 1984, Pages 1328-1330

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91822-1 Get rights and content

Abstract

It is proposed that one of the functions of the mucus layers lining the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal system is the scavenging of highly reactive oxygen-derived species. This would provide anti-oxidant protection to the underlying mucosal epithelial cells.

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Antioxidant activity and protective effects of Alcalase-hydrolyzed soybean hydrolysate in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells
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Citation Excerpt :
In addition, lunasin, a peptide derived from soybean, was reported to protect human intestinal Caco-2 cells against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and tert-butylhydroperoxide (García-Nebot, Recio, & Hernández-Ledesma, 2014). As the primary digestive system, the human intestine is a key source of ROS due to long-term exposure to environmental pollutants, toxins, food-derived oxidants and mutagens (Cross, Halliwell, & Allen, 1984). A large literature has established that the increased levels of ROS in intestinal cells are an essential pathology of various intestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colonic malignancies (Bhattacharyya, Chattopadhyay, Mitra, & Crowe, 2014).
Soybeans are known as a promising source of bioactive peptides. However, knowledge on the antioxidant behaviors of soybean protein hydrolysate (SPH) in the human intestinal epithelium is limited. In this study, SPH was prepared with Alcalase and subsequently ultrafiltered into four peptide fractions as SPH-I (<3 kDa), SPH-II (3–5 kDa), SPH-III (5–10 kDa) and SPH-IV (>10 kDa). The antioxidant properties of SPH and membrane fractions were investigated using different chemical assays and their protective effects against oxidative stress were evaluated using H₂O₂-stressed human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Results showed that SPH-I exhibited the strongest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 2.56 mg/mL) and reducing capacity while SPH-III had the best metal ion-chelating activity (IC₅₀ = 0.29 mg/mL). Both SPH and the peptide fractions dose-dependently suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induced by H₂O₂ in Caco-2 cells, but the strongest inhibitory effect was observed for SPH-I. Amino acid (AA) results revealed that SPH-I was rich in hydrophobic and antioxidant AAs, which could contribute to its stronger antioxidant properties. Additionally, SPH-I protected Caco-2 cells from H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress via inhibiting lipid peroxidation and stimulating antioxidant enzyme activities. These results suggest that SPH-I and constitutive peptides can be beneficial ingredients with antioxidant properties and protective effects against ROS-mediated intestinal injury.
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In recent years, there has been a remarkable increase in scientific information on the structure and function of the nose and its response to inhaled toxicants. This previously under examined part of the respiratory tract has been the focus of research efforts in a variety of diverse scientific disciplines, besides toxicology, such as neuroscience, immunology, pharmacology, and even paleontology. The tremendous discoveries made over the past two decades in the area of olfactory science were highlighted worldwide when Drs. Buck and Axel were awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in biology for their pioneering work on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of olfaction. Major scientific advances have also been made in the field of nasal toxicology, ever since the first published reports that long-term inhalation exposures to high concentrations of formaldehyde induce nasal tumors in laboratory rodents.
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Purified phenolic extracts of cooked regular-darkening (RR) and non-darkening (CND) cranberry beans were evaluated for their phenolic content, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and bioavailability using a human colonic carcinoma (Caco-2) cell model. Major compounds included flavanols such as catechin, epicatechin and proanthocyanidins which were predominant to RR extract. RR and CND both contained p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and tryptophan. Our results showed strong cellular antioxidant activity in RR and dose-dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion. In addition, the extracts displayed protective benefit to endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, GPx and GR as well as GSH. Flavanols displayed poor bioavailability suggesting the beneficial effects occur via adsorption on the cell surface leading to cell signalling and localized radical scavenging activity. Our results support the beneficial effects of cranberry bean phenolics in their ability to ameliorate oxidative stress conditions notably in intestinal inflammatory responses.
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Gastric and intestinal mucosa are continuously exposed to external and internal oxidants, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chronic infections, and inflammatory disorders, making the gastrointestinal (GI) tract quite susceptible to ROS attack. In the normal cellular aerobic metabolism, the GI tract, can produce these reactive species as intermediates. Nonetheless, the cells from the gastric mucosa, having enzymatic or nonenzymatic antioxidant systems, protect them from the deleterious effects of ROS. Moreover, despite the protective barrier provided by the mucosa, microbial pathogens can induce oxidative injury and GI inflammatory responses, where the hypersecretion of gastric acid plays a relevant role. Nevertheless, it has also been shown that the timing and the magnitude of the lipoperoxidative events derived from ROS, could synchronize the cell proliferative and apoptotic events in the gastric mucosa. Probably, this is fundamental for the progression of the cell proliferation in the human gastric adenocarcinoma.
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HypothesisANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION: A FUNCTION OF TRACHEOBRONCHIAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL MUCUS

Abstract

Gastroenterology

J Biol Chem

FEBS Lett

Int J Biochem

Gastroenterology

Mucus secretions in the trachea

Br J Exp Pathol

Mucus flow and ciliary activity in the trachea of healthy rats and rats exposed to respiratory irritant gases

Acta Physiol Scand

The mucus lining of major bronchi in the rabbit lung

Am Rev Resp Dis

A simple method for measuring thickness of mucus gel layers adherent to rat, frog and human gastric mucosa. Influence of feeding, prostaglandin, N-acetyl-cysteine and other agents

Clin Sci

Airway secretion: source, biochemical and rheological properties

Structure and function of mucus

Respiratory heat and water exchange: Physiological and clinical implications

J Appl Physiol: Resp Environ Exercise Physiol

Gastric mucus and bicarbonate secretion and their possible role in mucosal protection

Gut

Structure and function of gastrointestinal mucus

Oxygen radicals: a commonsense look at their nature and medical importance

Med Biol

Role of oxygen-derived free radicals and metabolites in leukocyte-dependent inflammatory reactions

Am J Path

Biology of disease: Free radicals and tissue injury

Lab Invest

Free radicals, oxygen toxicity and aging

Oxygen radicals mediate entothelial cell damage by complement-stimulated granulocytes

J Clin Invest

Role of hydrogen peroxide in neutrophil-mediated destruction of cultured endothelial cells

J Clin Invest

Hypothesis
ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION: A FUNCTION OF TRACHEOBRONCHIAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL MUCUS