Editorial review
The third heart sound

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Abstract

A unitary concept is proposed to explain the genesis of the third heart sound and associated “rapid filling wave” of the apexcardiogram in physiological and pathological states including constrictive pericarditis. This theory not only clarifies the hitherto unexplained phenomenon such as presence of S3 in significant mitral stenosis, but also places in proper perspective the hemodynamic significance of S3 in physiological and various pathological states.

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Cited by (18)

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    2009, American Journal of Emergency Medicine
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    Left atrial enlargement has been shown to be correlated with left-sided heart disease, increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and LV end-diastolic pressure [40,41]. The S3 has been previously been shown to correlate with abnormal left ventricle function and increased LV filling pressures [16,19,23]. Furthermore, in ED patients with undifferentiated dyspnea, the presence of an S3 is highly specific for acute heart failure [19,22,42].

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