Action of pertussigen (pertussis toxin) on serum IgE and on Fcϵ receptors on lymphocytes

doi:10.1016/0008-8749(90)90136-F

Cellular Immunology

Volume 127, Issue 2, May 1990, Pages 327-336

https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8749(90)90136-F Get rights and content

Abstract

Pertussigen (pertussis toxin (PT)) is one of the most effective stimulators of IgE production in mice and rats. Employing flow microfluorimetric analysis (FMF), we showed that PT increases the percentage of blood and spleen lymphocytes with IgE on their surface. The percentage of IgE-bearing cells in the spleen of normal untreated C57B1/10SCN mice of various ages varied from 2.2 to 12.2%, with an average value of 6.1 ± 5.4%. In mice treated with 400 ng of PT and 1 mg of chicken egg albumin (EA), the percentage of these cells increased, 14 days after immunization, to an average value of 31.1 ± 2.2%. Immunization of mice with PT alone increase the percentage of IgE-bearing cells only slightly (13.1 ± 2.2% of the splenic lymphocytes) while injection of 1 mg of EA alone did not have any detectable action. As little as 6 ng of PT, when given simultaneously with 1 mg of EA, increased the percentage of IgE-bearing lymphocytes. A booster dose of 10 μg of EA given on Day 14 induced a further increase in the percentage of these cells even when as little as 0.039 ng of PT had been given at the time of initial immunization. PT was effective when given 4 days before or 5 days after EA. EA was effective when given 4 days before or 4 days after PT, but not 8 days after. The increase in IgE-bearing cells was mainly due to cytophilic binding of IgE to receptors for the ϵ chain of IgE (Fcϵ) on the surface of lymphocytes rather than to a greater number of IgE-producing cells. This was shown by removing the IgE from Fcϵ receptors by acid treatment which reduced the percentage of IgE-bearing cells to nearly normal values. The antibodies of IgE class with specificity to EA were increased dramatically, while antibodies with specificity to PT were not detected.

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Citation Excerpt :
In mice, neonatal pertussis vaccination has been shown to induce pertussis-specific immune responses and to provide protection from infection [21,22]. However, whole pertussis organisms [23] and purified pertussigen (pertussis toxin) [24–26] have also been long recognised as potent Th2-selective adjuvants in experimental animals. Human studies have shown that acellular pertussis-containing DTaP vaccine induces cellular immune memory, which is strongly polarised towards the Th2 phenotype in infants [17,20,27,28] and preschoolers [29,30].
Current infant vaccination against pertussis in North America and Australia requires three doses of vaccines including diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis antigens (DTaP) at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Interest is growing in the possibility that vaccination at birth might provide earlier protection of infants, but early vaccination also gives rise to concerns over the potential for excessive Th2-polarisation of pertussis-specific T-cell memory profiles. We evaluated this issue as part of a small pilot study comparing infants receiving a monovalent acellular pertussis vaccine (aP) at birth or birth and at 1 month, followed by DTaP at 2, 4 and 6 months with infants receiving DTaP only from 2 months. We compared in vitro Th-memory responses at 8 months and pertussis-specific IgG in serum at 2, 4, 6 and 8 months. Neonatal vaccination elicited earlier IgG responses, but accompanying Th-memory profiles displayed a strong Th2 bias with high IL-5 and IL-13 production. The correlation between T-cell memory profiles and other clinical outcomes should be evaluated in larger trials of neonatal aP vaccine.
Vascular permeability in allergic conjunctivitis in mice lacking histamine H<inf>1</inf> receptors
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To clarify the role of histamine H₁ receptors in allergic conjunctivitis, changes in vascular permeability of the conjunctiva were measured in histamine H₁ receptor deficient mice. Wild-type mice showed a significant increase in vascular permeability of the conjunctiva induced by histamine. However, no such increase was found in histamine H₁ receptor deficient mice. On the other hand, no differences were observed between wild-type and histamine H₁ receptor deficient mice in response to serotonin. A significant increase in vascular permeability was observed in actively sensitized wild-type mice, whereas no increase was observed in histamine H₁ receptor deficient mice. Similar findings were noted in passively sensitized animals. Histamine contents of the conjunctiva were significantly decreased by topical application of antigen in both wild-type and histamine H₁ receptor deficient mice after active sensitization with antigen. These findings suggested that vascular permeability in the conjunctiva in allergic conjunctivitis is entirely regulated through histamine H₁ receptor.
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Background: Recent findings suggest that a hallmark of the atopic phenotype is reduced capacity to respond to vaccine antigens, as well as to environmental allergens, during infancy. This deficiency, which is most marked for the cytokine IFN-γ, appears transient but can result in a long-lasting imbalance within T helper cell (T_H) memory responses to allergens. Indirect evidence suggests that parallel effects may occur within immunologic memory responses against vaccine antigens in atopic children. Objective: Our purpose was to compare vaccine antigen-specific T_H memory responses in atopic and nonatopic children. Methods: We analyzed specific serum IgG and cytokine responses to pertactin and tetanus antigens as well as to mitogen (PHA) and house dust mite (HDM) allergen in 25 HDM-sensitized atopic and 25 nonatopic 6-year-old children who were vaccinated and boosted with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine. Results: PBMCs from the atopic subjects produced higher levels of T_H1 and T_H2 cytokines to HDM allergen and PHA. Vaccine antibody titers were normal in the atopic subjects; vaccine-specific T_H2 responses were rarely detectable, yet T_H1 (IFN-γ) responses, in particular against tetanus, were frequent and higher in the atopic subjects (121.5 [SE 64.3] vs 8.0 [3.5] pg/mL culture fluid, P = .04). Corresponding pertactin responses were comparable in both groups. Conclusions: At the completion of the full primer-booster DTP vaccination regimen, levels of vaccine-specific immunity in atopic 6-year-old children are at least equivalent to their nonatopic counterparts, indicating that the transient atopy-associated deficiency in T_H1 function in childhood can be successfully overcome by appropriate vaccination and boosting regimens. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:1117-22.)
Immunoglobulin E and G responses to pertussis toxin in children immunised with adsorbed and non-adsorbed whole cell pertussis vaccines
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The IgE and IgG responses to pertussis toxin were measured in blood samples from 70 children (age 1.5 and 2.9 years) after primary immunisation with either a non-aluminium adsorbed, whole cell vaccine (n = 34) or an aluminium adsorbed whole cell vaccine (n = 36). Two years later, they received a booster immunisation with either the non-adsorbed (n = 24) or the aluminium adsorbed vaccine (n = 14). Neutralising antibodies to pertussis toxin were higher (P < 0.05) after the three priming doses of the adsorbed vaccine than of the non-adsorbed vaccine, although both groups showed > 90% seropositives after the third dose. IgE antibodies to PT (PT-IgE) were detected in samples from $1152$ children after completed primary immunisation and the levels were low (median ⩽ 0.1 PRU ml⁻¹) in both groups. No significant differences between the groups were found. PT-IgE levels did not increase after the booster injection. Thus, the aluminium content of the whole cell vaccines influenced the IgG response but not the IgE responses to pertussis toxin. The high rates of PT-IgE responses noted after a booster dose of acellular or whole cell pertussis vaccine to children primed with acellular vaccine in previous studies can therefore be mainly ascribed to the nature of the priming vaccine rather than the aluminium adjuvant.
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Action of pertussigen (pertussis toxin) on serum IgE and on Fcϵ receptors on lymphocytes

Abstract

J. Biol. Chem

Cell. Immunol

Science

J. Immunol

J. Immunol

J. Immunol

Methods in Immunology

J. Immunol

J. Exp. Med

J. Immunol

J. Immunol