Acute respiratory infections and asymptomatic single new virus detections, risk ratios and attributable fractions by respiratory virus in 151 children from the ORChID birth cohort (n=8202)
| Virus | ARI-associated single new virus detections N=3894 swabs | Asymptomatic single new virus detections N=4308 swabs | Risk ratio* (95% CI); P value | Attributable fraction in the exposed (%, 95% CI)† |
| n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Single new detections | ||||
| All HRV | 679 (17.4)‡ | 328 (7.6) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6); <0.001 | 34 (29 to 38) |
| HRV-A | 289 (7.4) | 122 (2.8) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6); <0.001 | 34 (28 to 39) |
| HRV-B | 49 (1.3) | 41 (1.0) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.4); 0.17 | 14 (−6 to 30) |
| HRV-C | 328 (8.4) | 137 (3.2) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.7); <0.001 | 35 (30 to 40) |
| IFV-A | 9 (0.2) | 2 (0.0) | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.3); <0.001 | 42 (23 to 57) |
| IFV-B | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.0) | 1.1 (0.4 to 2.8); 0.90 | 6 (− 150 to 64) |
| PIV-1 | 6 (0.2) | 1 (0.0) | 1.8 (1.3 to 2.5); <0.001 | 45 (26 to 59) |
| PIV-2 | 3 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | n/c | n/c |
| PIV-3 | 32 (0.8) | 11 (0.3) | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.9); <0.001 | 35 (21 to 46) |
| RSV-A | 29 (0.7) | 14 (0.3) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.7); <0.001 | 30 (16 to 42) |
| RSV-B | 19 (0.5) | 3 (0.1) | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.2); <0.001 | 46 (35 to 54) |
| HCoV-OC43 | 26 (0.7) | 8 (0.2) | 1.6 (1.3 to 2.0); <0.001 | 38 (25 to 50) |
| HCoV-NL63 | 27 (0.7) | 8 (0.2) | 1.6 (1.3 to 2.0); <0.001 | 37 (21 to 49) |
| HCoV-229E | 3 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.2); 0.83 | −10 (−161 to 54) |
| HCoV-HKU1 | 12 (0.3) | 10 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7); 0.42 | 14 (− 24 to 40) |
| HMPV | 12 (0.3) | 4 (0.1) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1); 0.001 | 37 (16 to 53) |
| AdV | 28 (0.7) | 16 (0.4) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7); 0.008 | 29 (12 to 42) |
| WU-PyV | 16 (0.7) | 15 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6); 0.62 | 9 (− 31 to 36) |
| KI-PyV | 23 (0.6) | 34 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2); 0.37 | −17 (−65 to 17) |
| HBoV-1 | 35 (0.9) | 31 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4); 0.30 | 11 (− 12 to 29) |
| Any virus | 961 (24.6) | 491 (11.4) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6); <0.001 | 35 (31 to 38) |
| New codetections§ | ||||
| ≥2 viruses | 168 (4.3) | 62 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.4 to 1.7); <0.001 | 37 (30 to 42) |
Statistically significant risk ratios and attributable fractions have been highlighted in bold.
*Adjusted for repeated measures within children using sandwich estimators.
†CI for attributable fractions were calculated from CI for corresponding risk ratios.
‡Individual HRV species do not add up to ‘all HRV’ detections because of a combination of more than one HRV species detected within the same ARI episode, or single new virus detection episodes where HRV-positive specimens could not be sequenced.
§Includes 219 (160 symptomatic) new codetections and another 11 codetections with 2 and 3 viruses codetected, respectively where at least 1 codetected virus was a new detection.
ARI, acute respiratory infection; AdV, adenovirus; HBoV-1, human bocavirus-1; HCoV, human coronavirus; HMPV, human metapneumovirus; HRV, human rhinovirus; IFV, influenza virus; KI-PyV, KI polyomavirus; n/c, not calculable as there were no cases in the asymptomatic group; PIV, parainfluenza virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; WU-PyV, WU polyomavirus.