Table 1

TB cohorts

First author, yearCountryYears of studyStudy descriptionControl HIV testedControl with HIVChildren with TBTB cases tested for HIVTB cases with HIVTB cases maleAge rangeQuality assessment* (selection/comparability/exposure)
Ade, 201318Benin2009–2011Cross-sectional study reviewing of all children treated for TB in one city over a 3-year periodnana18216749880–14C/-/C
Berggren Palme, 200419Ethiopia1995–1997Prospective study recruiting all children investigated for TB at one hospital over a 13-month periodnana35535554ns0–14B/-/C
Berggren Palme, 200120Ethiopia1995–1997Case-control study, prospectively recruiting all children diagnosed with TB over a 1-year period at one children’s hospital, with a control group recruited concurrently among children undergoing elective surgery1222377377471860–14B/A/A
Bhat, 199321Zambia1991–1991Case-control study, prospectively recruiting all children diagnosed with TB over a 9-month period at one hospital, with a control group recruited from outpatients clinics and among surgical inpatients134181169636580–14B/C/A
Bobossi-Serengbe, 200522Central African Republic1998–2000Retrospective analysis of all children treated for TB over a 2-year period in one hospital clinicnana2842842111531–14C/-/C
Campos-Herrero Navas, 199723Gran Canaria1986–1994Retrospective analysis of all children treated for TB over a 9-year period on the islandnana49491ns0–14B/-/C
Cathebras, 199824Central African Republic1997–1998Prospective study in which all patients (adults and children) treated for TB over a 3-month period at one hospital were tested for HIVnana37374ns0–14B/-/C
Chintu, 199325Zambia1990–1991Case-control study of all children treated for TB over an 18-month period in one teaching hospital. Controls were recruited from the emergency department or inpatient surgical wards24226265237881250–15B/C/A
Chintu, 199826Zambia1992–1993Case-control study of all patients (adults and children) presenting with diarrhoea over an 8-month period at one teaching hospital. Cases were HIV-infected with controls HIV-uninfected. Paediatric analysis restricted to children under 5 yearsnana443ns1–5C/-/C
Chintu, 199527Zambia1990–1991Prospective study of all children under 5 years admitted to the ward of a teaching hospital. Comparisons made between children with HIV and children without HIV, with respect to proportion with TB16015616142ns0–5B/C/A
Daniel, 200728Nigeria1999–2003Retrospective study of all children diagnosed with TB at one TB centre over a 5-year periodnana76768461–14A/-/A
Edwards, 200729Democratic Republic of Congo2002–2003Retrospective study of all children treated for TB at one hospital over a 1 year periodnana1109142ns0–15B/-/C
Espinal, 199630Dominican Republic1991–1994Prospective study of all children aged 18–59 months treated for TB at two institutions over a 3-year periodnana20418911921–5B/-/C
Feldacker, 201231Malawi2008–2010Retrospective study of all patients (adults and children) treated for TB at one TB treatment centre over a 3-year periodnana3643381481680–14C/-/C
Gava, 201332Brazil1997–2006Retrospective review of routinely collected data for all children treated for TB in one state over a 10-year periodnana35635631830–14C/-/C
Geoghagen, 200433Jamaica1999–2002Retrospective review of all children 0–12 years treated for TB at one hospital over a 4-year periodnana262411160–12C/-/C
Henegar, 201334Democratic Republic of Congo2006–2007Prospective study of all patients (adults and children) starting treatment for TB at 14 clinics over a 17-month periodnana830701593980–14C/-/C
Hesseling, 200935South Africa2004–2006Prospective laboratory data collected from 3 hospitals over a 3-year period, used to estimate the incidence of TB in infants (<12 months) with HIV and without HIVnana245175531330–1C/-/C
Hussain, 200736India2003–2004Prospective study of all children admitted to one hospital for the treatment of TB, over a 2-year periodnana270270231540–15C/-/C
Iriso, 200537Uganda2003Cross-sectional study of all children aged 2–60 months, investigated for TB at one hospital over a 12-week periodnana12612662630–5B/-/C
Jain, 201338India2010–2012Prospective study of all children <5 years investigated for suspected TB, at one hospital over a 20-month periodnana26216150–5C/-/C
Jensen, 201239Spain1997–2008Case-control study. Details of all HIV-infected children (<17 years) hospitalised anywhere in the country over a 12-year period were extracted from a central database. 4 HIV-uninfected controls, matched on age and gender, were extracted for each case. Rates of mycobacterial diseases were compared between cases and controlsnana303020ns0–17C/-/C
Llerena, 201040Colombia2001–2009Cross-sectional study of data from one laboratory of all children with culture-confirmed TB diagnosed over an 8-year periodnana1281287620–14C/-/C
Luo, 199441Zambia1991–1992Prospective study of all children treated for TB at one hospital over an 8-month period. Controls were children with traumatic injuries, selected from the emergency department or from the surgical wards1671612011067700–14B/C/A
Madhi, 199942South Africa1996–1997Prospective study of all children (2 months to 12 years) treated for TB at hospitals attached to an academic department of paediatrics over a 5-month periodnana13013052850–12C/-/C
Mehta, 201143Tanzania2005–2007Randomised controlled trial of multivitamin supplementation in children with TB. All children (6 weeks to 5 years) treated for TB at one clinic were included and randomised over a 30-month periodnana255255871390–5B/-/C
Miranda, 201144Brazil2000–2006All cases of paediatric TB recorded on a state register over a 6-year period were included. Matching with the state AIDS database then performednana411411271910–14C/-/C
Mukadi, 199745Côte d’Ivoire1994–1995Prospective study of all children (0–9 years) diagnosed with TB in two TB centres and two hospitals over a 21-month period161016116031840–9A/A/A
Berggren Palme, 200246Ethiopia1995–1997Prospective study of all children diagnosed with TB at the outpatient clinic or from the inpatient wards at one paediatric hospital over a 13-month periodnana517517582590–14B/-/C
Panigatti, 201447India2009–2010Prospective study of all children (0–12 years) diagnosed with TB at one hospital over an 18-month period, treated using a DOTS regimennana93937450–12C/-/C
Rachow, 201248Tanzania2008–2010Prospective study of all children diagnosed with TB at one research facility over a 31-month periodnana16416484860–14C/-/C
Ramos, 201049Ethiopia2007Retrospective data collection from TB registers and treatment cards of all patients (adults and children) treated for TB over a 10-year period at one private hospital†nana187158149ns0–14C/-/C
Rose, 201250Tanzania2008–2010Prospective study of all children with suspected TB at one district hospital over a 27-month period9322333318240–14A/C/A
Sassan-Morokro, 199451Côte d’Ivoire1989–1990Prospective study of all children diagnosed with TB at two outpatient treatment centres over an 18-month periodnana28928934ns1–14B/-/C
Schaaf, 201452South Africa2009–2011Retrospective study of all children (<13 years) with culture-confirmed TB at one teaching hospital over a 2-year periodnana340288631770–13C/-/C
Seddon, 201253South Africa2007–2009Retrospective study of all children (<13 years) with culture-confirmed TB at one teaching hospital over a 2-year periodnana294217631560–13C/-/C
Shahab, 200454India1999–2000Prospective study of all children (<12 years) treated for TB in the outpatient and inpatient departments of one tertiary hospital over a 17-month periodnana25025051740–12C/-/C
Thomas, 201455South Africa2009–2010Prospective study of all children (6 months to 12 years) with possible probable or confirmed TB recruited from outpatient and inpatient settings of one district hospital over a 17-month periodnana332617190–12B/-/C
Yassin, 201156Ethiopia2009Cross-sectional study of all children (1–15 years) with TB symptoms and a TB source case who were investigated at two health centres and one hospital. TB-exposed but asymptomatic and unexposed children were also recruited as controls.1533164141141051–15A/C/B
Kwara, 201657Ghana2012–2014Prospective pharmacokinetic study of all children (3 months to 14 years) starting treatment for TB disease at one teaching hospital over a 2-year periodnana626228320–14C/-/C
López-Varela, 201558Mozambique2011–2012Prospective study from one heath district where all children (<3 years) with presumptive TB were recruited over a 12-month periodnana323218150–3B/-/C
Perfura Yone, 201259Cameroon2005–2010Retrospective study all children (<15 years) diagnosed with TB and treated as inpatients at one hospital over a 5½-year periodnana10110125500–15B/-/C

  • *Adapted Newcastle-Ottawa score for case-control studies with some questions (and the comparability domain) not applicable to studies without controls: A=high quality; B=moderate quality; C=low quality; see online supplementary material pp. 18–19, 24–25.

  • †Data from years with high enough HIV testing rates used; age range obtained where stated, for eligibility otherwise.

  • na, not applicable; ns, not stated.