characteristics by survey and exposure status
| First survey (2012) | Second survey (2014) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed (n=588) | Unexposed (n=497) | Exposed (n=205) | Unexposed (n=177) | |||||||
| Study variables | Number | Per cent | Number | Per cent | p Value | Number | Per cent | Number | Per cent | p Value |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 318 | 54.08 | 250 | 50.30 | 0.21 | 142 | 69.27 | 112 | 63.28 | 0.22 |
| Female | 270 | 45.92 | 247 | 49.70 | 63 | 30.73 | 65 | 36.72 | ||
| Educational level | ||||||||||
| No formal education | 35 | 5.95 | 48 | 9.66 | <0.05*** | 16 | 7.81 | 19 | 10.73 | <0.05* |
| Grade 1–6 | 274 | 46.60 | 297 | 59.76 | 83 | 40.49 | 46 | 25.99 | ||
| Grade 7–8 | 155 | 26.36 | 95 | 19.11 | 46 | 22.44 | 55 | 31.07 | ||
| Grade 9–12 | 118 | 20.07 | 49 | 9.86 | 58 | 28.29 | 51 | 28.81 | ||
| Diploma | 6 | 1.02 | 6 | 1.21 | 2 | 0.98 | 5 | 2.82 | ||
| Degree | – | 2 | 0.40 | – | 1 | 0.56 | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Married | 330 | 56.12 | 360 | 72.43 | <0.05*** | 104 | 50.73 | 110 | 62.15 | <0.05** |
| Divorced | 28 | 4.76 | 12 | 2.41 | 7 | 3.41 | – | |||
| Widowed | 12 | 2.04 | 6 | 1.21 | 5 | 2.44 | 1 | 0.56 | ||
| Single | 218 | 37.07 | 119 | 23.94 | 89 | 43.41 | 66 | 37.29 | ||
| Alcohol drinking | 360 | 61.22 | 289 | 58.15 | 0.30 | 159 | 63.86 | 90 | 36.14 | <0.05*** |
| Smoking | 32 | 5.44 | 18 | 3.62 | 0.15 | 10 | 4.88 | 11 | 6.21 | 0.32 |
| Khat chewing† | 63 | 10.71 | 65 | 13.08 | 0.23 | 31 | 15.12 | 49 | 27.68 | <0.05** |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Age (years) | 27.39 | 6.58 | 27.97 | 6.01 | 0.13 | 26.59 | 6.47 | 26.92 | 7.04 | 0.63 |
| Male | ||||||||||
| Height (metre) | – | – | – | 1.70 | 0.07 | 1.71 | 0.06 | 0.25 | ||
| BMI | – | – | – | 21.45 | 2.80 | 20.90 | 2.57 | 0.15 | ||
| Female | ||||||||||
| Height (metre) | – | – | – | 1.56 | 0.06 | 1.58 | 0.06 | 0.12 | ||
| BMI | – | – | – | 21.94 | 2.39 | 21.25 | 2.38 | 0.13 | ||
| Monthly income (birr) | 1025.48 | 574.33 | 968.68 | 548.88 | 0.10 | 1167.67 | 592.12 | 1330.01 | 742.61 | <0.05* |
| Duration of pesticide exposure (years) | 4.43 | 3.49 | – | – | 3.41 | 2.49 | – | – | ||
| Cumulative exposure (EU) | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| Applicators (n=250) | 7680.00 | 12708.53 | 11 722.21 | 15 369.84 | ||||||
| Re-entry workers (n=338) | 22593.70 | 28809.58 | 28 384.47 | 24 973.10 | ||||||
| Daily exposure (EU) | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| Applicators (n=142) | 18.99 | 13.41 | 21.96 | 12.46 | ||||||
| Re-entry workers (n=63) | 21.14 | 19.42 | 29.18 | 18.20 | ||||||
†Khat is an evergreen shrub of eastern Africa and Arabia; its leaves have narcotic properties.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
BMI, body mass index; EU, exposure units.