First author | Year | Study location | Total number of participants | % HIV+ | Risk for HIV | HIV+ on ART (%) | Mean/median blood CD4* | % HIV+ Smokers | % HIV− smokers | Definition of cough used | % HIV+ with cough | % HIV− with cough | Definition of breathlessness | % HIV+ with breathlessness | % HIV− with breathlessness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
el Sadr14 | 1992 | USA | 223 | 56 | IDU | 0 | 200–500 | NR | NR | Persistent cough | 17 | 7 | |||
Hoover visit 315 | 1993 | USA | 2854 | 33 | MSM | 0 | 619 | NR | NR | New or unusual cough lasting >2 weeks | 5 | 2 | Persistent shortness of breath | 1 | 2 |
Hoover—visit 7 | 1993 | USA | 2627 | 29 | MSM | 0 | 552 | NR | NR | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 | ||
Diaz21 | 2003 | USA | 379 | 86 | MSM | 0 | 370 | 54 | 50% | Do you usually have a cough? | 40 | 25 | Are you troubled by shortness of breath when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill? | 42 | 8 |
Do you usually cough like this on most days For ≥3 consecutive months of the year? | 24 | 12 | Do you have to walk slower than most people of your own age on the level ground because of breathlessness? | 20 | 0 |
*Cells per microlitre.
ART, antiretroviral therapy; IDU, injection drug user; MSM, men who have sex with men.