First author, year | Country | Years of study | Study description | Control HIV tested | Control with HIV | Children with TB | TB cases tested for HIV | TB cases with HIV | TB cases male | Age range | Quality assessment* (selection/comparability/exposure) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ade, 201318 | Benin | 2009–2011 | Cross-sectional study reviewing of all children treated for TB in one city over a 3-year period | na | na | 182 | 167 | 49 | 88 | 0–14 | C/-/C |
Berggren Palme, 200419 | Ethiopia | 1995–1997 | Prospective study recruiting all children investigated for TB at one hospital over a 13-month period | na | na | 355 | 355 | 54 | ns | 0–14 | B/-/C |
Berggren Palme, 200120 | Ethiopia | 1995–1997 | Case-control study, prospectively recruiting all children diagnosed with TB over a 1-year period at one children’s hospital, with a control group recruited concurrently among children undergoing elective surgery | 122 | 2 | 377 | 377 | 47 | 186 | 0–14 | B/A/A |
Bhat, 199321 | Zambia | 1991–1991 | Case-control study, prospectively recruiting all children diagnosed with TB over a 9-month period at one hospital, with a control group recruited from outpatients clinics and among surgical inpatients | 134 | 18 | 116 | 96 | 36 | 58 | 0–14 | B/C/A |
Bobossi-Serengbe, 200522 | Central African Republic | 1998–2000 | Retrospective analysis of all children treated for TB over a 2-year period in one hospital clinic | na | na | 284 | 284 | 211 | 153 | 1–14 | C/-/C |
Campos-Herrero Navas, 199723 | Gran Canaria | 1986–1994 | Retrospective analysis of all children treated for TB over a 9-year period on the island | na | na | 49 | 49 | 1 | ns | 0–14 | B/-/C |
Cathebras, 199824 | Central African Republic | 1997–1998 | Prospective study in which all patients (adults and children) treated for TB over a 3-month period at one hospital were tested for HIV | na | na | 37 | 37 | 4 | ns | 0–14 | B/-/C |
Chintu, 199325 | Zambia | 1990–1991 | Case-control study of all children treated for TB over an 18-month period in one teaching hospital. Controls were recruited from the emergency department or inpatient surgical wards | 242 | 26 | 265 | 237 | 88 | 125 | 0–15 | B/C/A |
Chintu, 199826 | Zambia | 1992–1993 | Case-control study of all patients (adults and children) presenting with diarrhoea over an 8-month period at one teaching hospital. Cases were HIV-infected with controls HIV-uninfected. Paediatric analysis restricted to children under 5 years | na | na | 4 | 4 | 3 | ns | 1–5 | C/-/C |
Chintu, 199527 | Zambia | 1990–1991 | Prospective study of all children under 5 years admitted to the ward of a teaching hospital. Comparisons made between children with HIV and children without HIV, with respect to proportion with TB | 160 | 15 | 61 | 61 | 42 | ns | 0–5 | B/C/A |
Daniel, 200728 | Nigeria | 1999–2003 | Retrospective study of all children diagnosed with TB at one TB centre over a 5-year period | na | na | 76 | 76 | 8 | 46 | 1–14 | A/-/A |
Edwards, 200729 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 2002–2003 | Retrospective study of all children treated for TB at one hospital over a 1 year period | na | na | 110 | 91 | 42 | ns | 0–15 | B/-/C |
Espinal, 199630 | Dominican Republic | 1991–1994 | Prospective study of all children aged 18–59 months treated for TB at two institutions over a 3-year period | na | na | 204 | 189 | 11 | 92 | 1–5 | B/-/C |
Feldacker, 201231 | Malawi | 2008–2010 | Retrospective study of all patients (adults and children) treated for TB at one TB treatment centre over a 3-year period | na | na | 364 | 338 | 148 | 168 | 0–14 | C/-/C |
Gava, 201332 | Brazil | 1997–2006 | Retrospective review of routinely collected data for all children treated for TB in one state over a 10-year period | na | na | 356 | 356 | 3 | 183 | 0–14 | C/-/C |
Geoghagen, 200433 | Jamaica | 1999–2002 | Retrospective review of all children 0–12 years treated for TB at one hospital over a 4-year period | na | na | 26 | 24 | 11 | 16 | 0–12 | C/-/C |
Henegar, 201334 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 2006–2007 | Prospective study of all patients (adults and children) starting treatment for TB at 14 clinics over a 17-month period | na | na | 830 | 701 | 59 | 398 | 0–14 | C/-/C |
Hesseling, 200935 | South Africa | 2004–2006 | Prospective laboratory data collected from 3 hospitals over a 3-year period, used to estimate the incidence of TB in infants (<12 months) with HIV and without HIV | na | na | 245 | 175 | 53 | 133 | 0–1 | C/-/C |
Hussain, 200736 | India | 2003–2004 | Prospective study of all children admitted to one hospital for the treatment of TB, over a 2-year period | na | na | 270 | 270 | 23 | 154 | 0–15 | C/-/C |
Iriso, 200537 | Uganda | 2003 | Cross-sectional study of all children aged 2–60 months, investigated for TB at one hospital over a 12-week period | na | na | 126 | 126 | 62 | 63 | 0–5 | B/-/C |
Jain, 201338 | India | 2010–2012 | Prospective study of all children <5 years investigated for suspected TB, at one hospital over a 20-month period | na | na | 26 | 21 | 6 | 15 | 0–5 | C/-/C |
Jensen, 201239 | Spain | 1997–2008 | Case-control study. Details of all HIV-infected children (<17 years) hospitalised anywhere in the country over a 12-year period were extracted from a central database. 4 HIV-uninfected controls, matched on age and gender, were extracted for each case. Rates of mycobacterial diseases were compared between cases and controls | na | na | 30 | 30 | 20 | ns | 0–17 | C/-/C |
Llerena, 201040 | Colombia | 2001–2009 | Cross-sectional study of data from one laboratory of all children with culture-confirmed TB diagnosed over an 8-year period | na | na | 128 | 128 | 7 | 62 | 0–14 | C/-/C |
Luo, 199441 | Zambia | 1991–1992 | Prospective study of all children treated for TB at one hospital over an 8-month period. Controls were children with traumatic injuries, selected from the emergency department or from the surgical wards | 167 | 16 | 120 | 110 | 67 | 70 | 0–14 | B/C/A |
Madhi, 199942 | South Africa | 1996–1997 | Prospective study of all children (2 months to 12 years) treated for TB at hospitals attached to an academic department of paediatrics over a 5-month period | na | na | 130 | 130 | 52 | 85 | 0–12 | C/-/C |
Mehta, 201143 | Tanzania | 2005–2007 | Randomised controlled trial of multivitamin supplementation in children with TB. All children (6 weeks to 5 years) treated for TB at one clinic were included and randomised over a 30-month period | na | na | 255 | 255 | 87 | 139 | 0–5 | B/-/C |
Miranda, 201144 | Brazil | 2000–2006 | All cases of paediatric TB recorded on a state register over a 6-year period were included. Matching with the state AIDS database then performed | na | na | 411 | 411 | 27 | 191 | 0–14 | C/-/C |
Mukadi, 199745 | Côte d’Ivoire | 1994–1995 | Prospective study of all children (0–9 years) diagnosed with TB in two TB centres and two hospitals over a 21-month period | 161 | 0 | 161 | 160 | 31 | 84 | 0–9 | A/A/A |
Berggren Palme, 200246 | Ethiopia | 1995–1997 | Prospective study of all children diagnosed with TB at the outpatient clinic or from the inpatient wards at one paediatric hospital over a 13-month period | na | na | 517 | 517 | 58 | 259 | 0–14 | B/-/C |
Panigatti, 201447 | India | 2009–2010 | Prospective study of all children (0–12 years) diagnosed with TB at one hospital over an 18-month period, treated using a DOTS regimen | na | na | 93 | 93 | 7 | 45 | 0–12 | C/-/C |
Rachow, 201248 | Tanzania | 2008–2010 | Prospective study of all children diagnosed with TB at one research facility over a 31-month period | na | na | 164 | 164 | 84 | 86 | 0–14 | C/-/C |
Ramos, 201049 | Ethiopia | 2007 | Retrospective data collection from TB registers and treatment cards of all patients (adults and children) treated for TB over a 10-year period at one private hospital† | na | na | 187 | 158 | 149 | ns | 0–14 | C/-/C |
Rose, 201250 | Tanzania | 2008–2010 | Prospective study of all children with suspected TB at one district hospital over a 27-month period | 93 | 22 | 33 | 33 | 18 | 24 | 0–14 | A/C/A |
Sassan-Morokro, 199451 | Côte d’Ivoire | 1989–1990 | Prospective study of all children diagnosed with TB at two outpatient treatment centres over an 18-month period | na | na | 289 | 289 | 34 | ns | 1–14 | B/-/C |
Schaaf, 201452 | South Africa | 2009–2011 | Retrospective study of all children (<13 years) with culture-confirmed TB at one teaching hospital over a 2-year period | na | na | 340 | 288 | 63 | 177 | 0–13 | C/-/C |
Seddon, 201253 | South Africa | 2007–2009 | Retrospective study of all children (<13 years) with culture-confirmed TB at one teaching hospital over a 2-year period | na | na | 294 | 217 | 63 | 156 | 0–13 | C/-/C |
Shahab, 200454 | India | 1999–2000 | Prospective study of all children (<12 years) treated for TB in the outpatient and inpatient departments of one tertiary hospital over a 17-month period | na | na | 250 | 250 | 5 | 174 | 0–12 | C/-/C |
Thomas, 201455 | South Africa | 2009–2010 | Prospective study of all children (6 months to 12 years) with possible probable or confirmed TB recruited from outpatient and inpatient settings of one district hospital over a 17-month period | na | na | 33 | 26 | 17 | 19 | 0–12 | B/-/C |
Yassin, 201156 | Ethiopia | 2009 | Cross-sectional study of all children (1–15 years) with TB symptoms and a TB source case who were investigated at two health centres and one hospital. TB-exposed but asymptomatic and unexposed children were also recruited as controls. | 153 | 3 | 164 | 141 | 14 | 105 | 1–15 | A/C/B |
Kwara, 201657 | Ghana | 2012–2014 | Prospective pharmacokinetic study of all children (3 months to 14 years) starting treatment for TB disease at one teaching hospital over a 2-year period | na | na | 62 | 62 | 28 | 32 | 0–14 | C/-/C |
López-Varela, 201558 | Mozambique | 2011–2012 | Prospective study from one heath district where all children (<3 years) with presumptive TB were recruited over a 12-month period | na | na | 32 | 32 | 18 | 15 | 0–3 | B/-/C |
Perfura Yone, 201259 | Cameroon | 2005–2010 | Retrospective study all children (<15 years) diagnosed with TB and treated as inpatients at one hospital over a 5½-year period | na | na | 101 | 101 | 25 | 50 | 0–15 | B/-/C |
*Adapted Newcastle-Ottawa score for case-control studies with some questions (and the comparability domain) not applicable to studies without controls: A=high quality; B=moderate quality; C=low quality; see online supplementary material pp. 18–19, 24–25.
†Data from years with high enough HIV testing rates used; age range obtained where stated, for eligibility otherwise.
na, not applicable; ns, not stated.