Table 3

Studies in resource-rich settings without access to ART

First author	Year	Study location	Total number of participants	% HIV+	Risk for HIV	Mean/median blood CD4*	% HIV+ Smokers	% HIV− smokers	Definition of cough used	% HIV+ with cough	% HIV− with cough	Definition of breathlessness	% HIV+ with breathlessness	% HIV− with breathlessness
el Sadr14	1992	USA	223	56	IDU	200–500	NR	NR	Persistent cough	17	7
Hoover visit 315	1993	USA	2854	33	MSM	619	NR	NR	New or unusual cough lasting >2 weeks	5	2	Persistent shortness of breath	1	2
Hoover—visit 7	1993	USA	2627	29	MSM	552	NR	NR	New or unusual cough lasting >2 weeks	5	2	Persistent shortness of breath	3	2
Diaz21	2003	USA	379	86	MSM	370	54	50%	Do you usually have a cough?	40	25	Are you troubled by shortness of breath when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill?	42	8
Diaz21	2003	USA	379	86	MSM	370	54	50%	Do you usually cough like this on most days For ≥3 consecutive months of the year?	24	12	Do you have to walk slower than most people of your own age on the level ground because of breathlessness?	20	0

*Cells per microlitre.
ART, antiretroviral therapy; IDU, injection drug user; MSM, men who have sex with men.