Median survival and 5-year survival rate, by stage at diagnosis and air pollution exposure
| Categorised air pollution exposure | Median survival (years) | Five-year survival rate (%)* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Localised | Regional | Distant | Localised | Regional | Distant | |
| NO2 (ppb) | ||||||
| <14 | 5.4 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 50 | 24 | 4 |
| 14–20.5 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 45 | 21 | 4 |
| 20.5–27 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 38 | 17 | 3 |
| ≥27 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 30 | 12 | 2 |
| O3 (ppb) | ||||||
| <32 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 36 | 16 | 2 |
| 32–39.5 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 42 | 19 | 3 |
| 39.5–47 | 4.9 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 49 | 23 | 4 |
| ≥47 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 35 | 15 | 2 |
| PM10 (µg/m3) | ||||||
| <23 | 4.7 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 47 | 23 | 4 |
| 23–30.5 | 4.4 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 45 | 20 | 4 |
| 30.5–38 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 43 | 19 | 3 |
| ≥38 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 27 | 11 | 2 |
| PM2.5 (µg/m3)† | ||||||
| <10 | 5.7 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 51 | 27 | 4 |
| 10–13 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 48 | 25 | 5 |
| 13–16 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 46 | 23 | 4 |
| ≥16 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 31 | 14 | 2 |
*SEs of all 5-year survival rates are <1%, with calculations based on >5800 patients per group.
†PM2.5 results are only for the subset of patients whose cancer was diagnosed in 1998 or later.
PM2.5, particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm; PM10, particulate matter with diameter <10 μm.