Back-extrapolated from ESCAPE-period exposures (2008–2011) to early 2000s ‘historic exposure estimates’: fixed-effect meta-analysis on cross-sectional results from ECRHS (2002), NSHD (1999), SAPALDIA (2002): all participants (upper section) and never-smokers (lower section), main model 3.
| All participants | Back-extrapolated NO2, 10 µg/m3 | Back-extrapolated PM10, 10 µg/m3 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic bronchitis | Chronic cough | Chronic phlegm | Chronic bronchitis | Chronic cough | Chronic phlegm | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Cohort (year) | ||||||||||||
| ECRHS (2002) | 0.99 | (0.90 to 1.10) | 1.03 | (0.96 to 1.11) | 1.01 | (0.94 to 1.09) | 1.22 | (0.83 to 1.80) | 1.03 | (0.80 to 1.34) | 1.29 | (0.97 to 1.72) |
| NSHD (1999) | 1.23 | (0.99 to 1.54) | 1.07 | (0.91 to 1.27) | 1.16 | (0.96 to 1.41) | 1.20 | (0.57 to 2.53) | 1.05 | (0.61 to 1.79) | 1.39 | (0.74 to 2.61) |
| SAPALDIA (2002) | 1.01 | (0.77 to 1.33) | 0.99 | (0.71 to 1.40) | 0.98 | (0.84 to 1.15) | 1.44 | (0.63 to 3.28) | 1.77 | (0.65 to 4.86) | 0.93 | (0.59 to 1.45) |
| Overall effect | 1.03 | (0.94 to 1.12) | 1.04 | (0.97 to 1.11) | 1.02 | (0.96 to 1.09) | 1.25 | (0.91 to 1.71) | 1.06 | (0.85 to 1.34) | 1.20 | (0.96 to 1.50) |
| Phet: | 0.213 | 0.897 | 0.350 | 0.932 | 0.596 | 0.420 | ||||||
| Never-smokers | ||||||||||||
| ECRHS (2002) | 0.99 | (0.79 to 1.23) | 1.00 | (0.91 to 1.10) | 0.97 | (0.83 to 1.14) | 1.92 | (0.92 to 3.99) | 1.17 | (0.74 to 1.84) | 1.95 | (1.09 to 3.49) |
| NSHD (1999) | 1.04 | (0.60 to 1.80) | 0.97 | (0.65 to 1.45) | 0.84 | (0.52 to 1.37) | 1.45 | (0.28 to 7.55) | 0.71 | (0.20 to 2.52) | 1.00 | (0.24 to 4.21) |
| SAPALDIA (2002) | 0.92 | (0.52 to 1.64) | 0.70 | (0.34 to 1.44) | 0.88 | (0.67 to 1.16) | 0.65 | (0.10 to 4.37) | 0.59 | (0.07 to 4.96) | 0.77 | (0.35 to 1.70) |
| Overall effect | 0.99 | (0.81 to 1.20) | 0.99 | (0.90 to 1.09) | 0.94 | (0.83 to 1.07) | 1.63 | (0.87 to 3.07) | 1.08 | (0.71 to 1.64) | 1.37 | (0.88 to 2.13) |
| Phet: | 0.956 | 0.630 | 0.740 | 0.579 | 0.654 | 0.161 | ||||||
Phet, p Value for heterogeneity.
ECRHS, European Community Respiratory Health Survey; ESCAPE, European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects; NSHD, National Survey of Health and Development; PM, particulate matter; SAPALDIA, Swiss cohort study on Air Pollution And Lung and heart Diseases in Adults.