Association of prevalence of airflow obstruction (%FEV1/FVC<LLN), spirometric restriction (% FVC <LLN) with mean pack years smoked and GNI/capita ($US PPP) in 22 BOLD sites
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | p Value | β | 95% CI | p Value | |
| Airflow obstruction | ||||||
| Mean pack years | 0.40 | 0.15 to 0.64 | 0.003 | 0.67 | 0.24 to 1.10 | 0.004 |
| GNI (per US$1000 PPP) | 0.02 | −0.10 to 0.13 | 0.78 | 0.12 | −0.01 to 0.25 | 0.063 |
| Spirometric restriction | ||||||
| Mean pack years | −1.07 | −2.24 to 0.10 | 0.071 | −2.32 | −4.25 to −0.40 | 0.021 |
| 1/GNI (per US$1000 PPP) | 140 | 101 to 179 | <0.001 | 168 | 115 to 221 | <0.001 |
BOLD, Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; GNI, gross national income; LLN, lower limit of normal; PPP, purchasing power parity.