Patient characteristics for the three independent case–control studies
| Case–control study 1 | Case–control study 2 | Case–control study 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANTONIUS cases (n=504) | PHARMO controls (n=2016) | PHARMO cases (n=20 824) | PHARMO controls (n=41 268) | NPCRD cases (n=12 398) | NPCRD controls (n=61 959) | |
| Age, years (SD) | 63.41 (18.04) | 63.00 (18.04) | 66.14 (17.06) | 65.98 (17.04) | 60.83 (18.21) | 60.73 (18.22) |
| Gender, men (%) | 294 (58.3) | 1180 (58.5) | 10795 (51.8) | 21223 (51.4) | 5980 (48.2) | 29871 (48.2) |
| Quarter (%) | ||||||
| January–March | 172 (34.1) | NA | 6356 (30.5) | NA | 4466 (36.0) | NA |
| April–June | 135 (26.8) | 5042 (24.4) | 2778 (22.4) | |||
| July–September | 72 (14.3) | 4055 (19.5) | 1976 (15.9) | |||
| October–December | 125 (24.8) | 5371 (25.8) | 3178 (25.6) | |||
| Advanced renal disease (%) | 4 (0.8) | 8 (0.4) | 324 (1.6) | 214 (0.5) | 43 (0.3) | 79 (0.1) |
| CHF (%) | 21 (4.2) | 32 (1.6) | 654 (3.1) | 700 (1.7) | 170 (1.4) | 474 (0.8) |
| COPD/asthma (%) | 128 (25.5) | 123 (6.1) | 5497 (26.4) | 3510 (8.5) | 1865 (15.0) | 2883 (4.7) |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 77 (15.4) | 209 (10.4) | 2584 (12.4) | 3894 (9.4) | 974 (7.9) | 3455 (5.6) |
| Osteoporosis (%) | 44 (8.7) | 60 (3.0) | 1680 (8.1) | 1912 (4.6) | 380 (3.1) | 1248 (2.0) |
| Vitamin D supplementation (%) | 21 (4.2) | 25 (1.2) | 861 (4.1) | 1033 (2.5) | 184 (1.5) | 490 (0.8) |
| Anticonvulsants (%) | 8 (1.6) | 8 (0.4) | 292 (1.4) | 321 (0.8) | 87 (0.7) | 267 (0.4) |
| Oral corticosteroid use (%) | 48 (9.6) | 30 (1.5) | 2550 (12.2) | 725 (1.8) | 567 (4.6) | 511 (0.8) |
| CURB-65 score (SD) | 1.69 (1.19) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| PSI score (SD) | 89 (36) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| PSI risk class I–III (%) | 279 (55.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| PSI risk class IV–V (%) | 225 (44.6) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Data are presented as number (%) or mean (±SD).
Italic numbers indicate a significant association between cases and controls in the corresponding case–control study (p <0.05).
CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NA, not applicable; NPCRD, Netherlands Primary Care Research Network; PSI, Pneumonia Severity Index.