Protein expression measured from muscle biopsies taken at baseline
| Healthy controls (n=21) | COPD (n=59) | |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle protein breakdown | ||
| 20S proteasome | 0.61 (0.11) | 0.74 (0.07) |
| MAFbx | 0.36 (0.05) | 0.83 (0.12)* |
| MuRF1 | 0.30 (0.04) | 0.69 (0.07)** |
| Calpain3 | 0.50 (0.08) | 0.52 (0.04) |
| Muscle protein synthesis | ||
| PAkt1/Akt1 | 1.27 (0.37) | 1.36 (0.11) |
| PGSK3α/GSK3α | 0.84 (0.26) | 0.97 (0.11) |
| PGSK3β/GSK3β | 1.71 (0.38) | 1.28 (0.19) |
| PP70s6k/P70s6k | 0.82 (0.10) | 1.18 (0.10)* |
| P4EBP1/4EBP1 | 1.03 (0.24) | 1.11 (0.10) |
| Redd1 | 0.50 (0.06) | 0.85 (0.06)** |
| Myogenesis | ||
| Myostatin | 2.70 (0.55) | 3.18 (0.51) |
| MyoD | 0.36 (0.05) | 0.80 (0.09)** |
| Myogenin | 0.45 (0.06) | 0.86 (0.11)* |
| Transcription factors | ||
| PFOXO1/FOXO1 | 1.83 (0.39) | 2.22 (0.37) |
| PFOXO3/FOXO3 | 1.42 (0.22) | 2.16 (0.31) |
| FOXO1 (nuclear) | 0.51 (0.04) | 0.89 (0.07)** |
| FOXO3 (nuclear) | 0.58 (0.10) | 0.78 (0.06) |
Figures refer to mean (SEM) relative optical density (normalised to either actin or lamin).
The COPD group refers to the combined placebo and supplement groups at baseline (prior to intervention).
*p<0.05, **p<0.01 significantly different from control.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.