Multivariate model of factors associated with lung cancer 4–12 months before diagnosis
| Risk factor variable | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value* | β coefficient |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at diagnosis (years) | |||
| 40–45 | 1.00 | 0.9164 | |
| 45–50 | 2.50 (1.96 to 3.19) | 1.6900 | |
| 50–55 | 5.42 (4.34 to 6.78) | 2.3669 | |
| 55–60 | 10.67 (8.61 to 13.22) | <0.001 | 2.9746 |
| 60–65 | 19.59 (15.86 to 24.18) | 3.3534 | |
| 65–70 | 28.61 (23.17 to 35.32) | 3.8006 | |
| 70–75 | 44.74 (36.26 to 55.21) | 4.0944 | |
| 75–80 | 60.03 (48.62 to 74.12) | 4.1828 | |
| >80 | 65.55 (53.10 to 80.93) | ||
| Sex | |||
| Men | 1.62 (1.55 to 1.69) | <0.001 | 0.4805 |
| Women | |||
| Townsend score | |||
| 5 (most deprived) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) | 0.0932 | |
| 4 | 1.12 (1.05 to 1.20) | 0.0017 | 0.1157 |
| 3 | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.14) | 0.0640 | |
| 2 | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) | -0.0009 | |
| 1 (least deprived) | 1.00 | 0.0099 | |
| Missing Townsend records | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.13) | ||
| Smoking status and 6-month qty | |||
| Current very heavy (40+/day) | 15.91 (13.90 to 18.21) | 2.7664 | |
| Current heavy (20–39/day) | 13.45 (12.44 to 14.54) | 2.5984 | |
| Current moderate (10–19/day) | 9.82 (9.04 to 10.68) | 2.2845 | |
| Current light (1–9/day) | 5.98 (5.36 to 6.68) | 1.7885 | |
| Current trivial (<1/day) | 2.68 (1.21 to 5.90) | 0.9851 | |
| Current, no qty recorded | 3.47 (3.08 to 3.91) | 1.2432 | |
| Ex very heavy (40+/day) | 5.33 (4.48 to 6.35) | 1.6742 | |
| Ex heavy (20–39/day) | 6.67 (6.06 to 7.35) | 1.8980 | |
| Ex moderate (10–19/day) | 4.50 (4.07 to 4.98) | 1.5045 | |
| Ex light (1–9/day) | 3.54 (3.12 to 4.02) | <0.001 | 1.2636 |
| Ex trivial (<1/day) | 1.21 (0.68 to 2.17) | 0.1943 | |
| Ex, no qty recorded | 2.57 (2.38 to 2.78) | 0.9455 | |
| Missing smoking records | 2.70 (2.45 to 2.97) | 0.9922 | |
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | ||
| Cough | 1.63 (1.53 to 1.75) | <0.001 | 0.4915 |
| Haemoptysis | 8.70 (6.75 to 11.20) | <0.001 | 2.1630 |
| Dyspnoea | 1.41 (1.29 to 1.55) | <0.001 | 0.3449 |
| Weight loss | 2.66 (2.16 to 3.29) | <0.001 | 0.9794 |
| LRTI | 1.56 (1.38 to 1.76) | <0.001 | 0.4414 |
| Chest infections | 1.55 (1.44 to 1.68) | <0.001 | 0.4393 |
| COPD | 1.61 (1.46 to 1.78) | <0.001 | 0.4786 |
| Chest/shoulder pain | 1.39 (1.28 to 1.51) | <0.001 | 0.3296 |
| Voice hoarseness | 1.79 (1.28 to 2.49) | 0.001 | 0.5806 |
| URTI | 1.15 (1.02 to 1.30) | 0.020 | 0.1417 |
| No. of GP consultations | |||
| 0–10 | 1.00 | 0.2032 | |
| 11–20 | 1.23 (1.16 to 1.29) | <0.001 | 0.3069 |
| 21 or more | 1.36 (1.28 to 1.44) | ||
| Logistic regression constant | −7.2295 | ||
*p Values for binary variables were obtained using Wald's test of significance. In variables with more than two categories, p values were obtained from the likelihood ratio test.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GP, general practitioner; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.