Characteristics of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis lung sample stratified by race/ethnicity and gender
| Men (n=1609) | Women (n=1735) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=3344 | Non-Hispanic Caucasians | African-Americans | Hispanics | Chinese-Americans | Non-Hispanic Caucasians | African-Americans | Hispanics | Chinese-Americans |
| n (%) | 582 (36) | 402 (25) | 342 (21) | 283 (18) | 591 (34) | 471 (27) | 395 (23) | 278 (16) |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 66 (9.8) | 66 (9.7) | 64 (10.0) | 66 (9.7) | 66 (10.0) | 66 (9.5) | 65 (9.8) | 66 (9.6) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 209 (36) | 129 (32) | 124 (36) | 142 (50) | 288 (49) | 252 (54) | 269 (68) | 268 (96) |
| Former | 328 (56) | 198 (49) | 175 (51) | 119 (42) | 255 (43) | 160 (34) | 102 (26) | 6 (2) |
| Current | 45 (8) | 75 (19) | 43 (13) | 22 (8) | 48 (8) | 59 (13) | 24 (6) | 4 (1) |
| Pack-years of smoking,* median (IQR) | 24.0 (9.0, 44.0) | 20.3 (8.8, 36.8) | 16.3 (5.9, 34.5) | 17.5 (5.4, 33.0) | 18.9 (6.0, 36.8) | 17.3 (6.4, 33.0) | 7.0 (2.0, 16.5) | 13.5 (2.0, 19.5) |
| Inhalational depth (cigarettes)† n (%) | ||||||||
| ‘Shallow’ | 25 (7) | 12 (4) | 17 (8) | 20 (14) | 11 (4) | 16 (7) | 22 (17) | 2 (20) |
| ‘Moderate’ | 37 (10) | 51 (19) | 44 (20) | 30 (21) | 40 (13) | 56 (26) | 37 (29) | 5 (50) |
| ‘Deep’ | 190 (51) | 132 (48) | 85 (39) | 54 (38) | 160 (53) | 98 (45) | 28 (22) | 3 (30) |
| ‘Very deep’ | 105 (28) | 60 (22) | 49 (22) | 25 (18) | 67 (22) | 38 (17) | 23 (18) | 0 (0) |
| Time until first cigarette‡ (SD), h | 1.6 (2.3) | 1.6 (2.3) | 2.9 (3.4) | 1.6 (1.8) | 2.6 (5.0) | 2.2 (3.1) | 3.5 (3.9) | 6.0 (6.4) |
| Cigar use* n (%) | 155 (42) | 67 (25) | 36 (17) | 6 (5) | 10 (3) | 10 (5) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) |
| Cigar years,§ median (IQR) | 20 (10, 39) | 15 (7, 55) | 10 (6, 24) | 29 (16, 51) | 16 (8, 28) | 17 (5, 30) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 176 (6.9) | 176 (6.8) | 169 (6.4) | 168 (6.4) | 162 (6.6) | 162 (6.9) | 155 (5.8) | 155 (6.1) |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 28 (4.1) | 28 (4.6) | 29 (4.1) | 24 (3.2) | 28 (5.8) | 31 (6.2) | 30 (5.4) | 24 (3.4) |
| Educational attainment n (%) | ||||||||
| High school or vocational school | 108 (19) | 134 (33) | 190 (56) | 69 (24) | 134 (23) | 138 (29) | 235 (59) | 94 (34) |
| Incomplete college | 104 (18) | 135 (34) | 108 (32) | 60 (21) | 181 (31) | 157 (33) | 131 (33) | 99 (36) |
| Complete college | 149 (26) | 70 (17) | 24 (7) | 76 (27) | 138 (23) | 90 (19) | 14 (4) | 59 (21) |
| Graduate or professional school | 221 (38) | 63 (16) | 20 (6) | 78 (28) | 138 (23) | 86 (18) | 15 (4) | 26 (9) |
| Household ETS exposure n (%) | 229 (39) | 176 (44) | 93 (27) | 52 (18) | 310 (52) | 284 (60) | 173 (44) | 119 (43) |
| Occupational exposure¶ n (%) | 269 (46) | 237 (59) | 237 (59) | 62 (22) | 213 (36) | 221 (47) | 177 (45) | 44 (16) |
| Asthma** n (%) | 52 (9) | 32 (8) | 16 (5) | 14 (5) | 54 (9) | 56 (11) | 38 (10) | 10 (4) |
| Hay-fever†† n (%) | 200 (34) | 114 (28) | 70 (20) | 90 (32) | 238 (40) | 189 (40) | 112 (28) | 88 (32) |
| Ancestral principal components (PC), median, (IQR) (n=3229) | ||||||||
| PC1 | 0.020 (0.015, 0.043) | 0.805 (0.698, 0.870) | 0.073 (0.054, 0.169) | 0.091 (0.088, 0.095) | 0.0199 (0.015, 0.036) | 0.804 (0.689, 0.876) | 0.089 (0.062, 0.200) | 0.091 (0.088, 0.095) |
| PC2 | 0.032 (0.026, 0.043) | 0.252 (0.222, 0.272) | 0.307 (0.189, 0.425) | 0.977 (0.971, 0.982) | 0.032 (0.025, 0.042) | 0.252 (0.222, 0.274) | 0.299 (0.202, 0.432) | 0.976 (0.969, 0.982) |
| PC3 | 0.175 (0.167, 0.182) | 0.250 (0.240, 0.259) | 0.451 (0.284, 0.564) | 0.027 (0.019, 0.038) | 0.176 (0.170, 0.184) | 0.250 (0.240, 0.256) | 0.428 (0.294, 0.566) | 0.028 (0.019, 0.040) |
| Lung function | ||||||||
| FEV1 (SD), L | 3.0 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.4) | 2.0 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.4) |
| FVC (SD), L | 4.3 (0.8) | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.9 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.7) | 2.9 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.5) | 2.6 (0.5) | 2.4 (0.5) |
| FEV1 to FVC ratio (SD), % | 72 (9.1) | 72 (10.7) | 75 (8.8) | 74 (8.6) | 74 (7.8) | 77 (8.0) | 78 (6.9) | 76 (6.6) |
| Airflow obstruction‡‡ n (%) | 79 (21) | 63 (23) | 31 (14) | 9 (6) | 57 (19) | 23 (11) | 11 (9) | 1 (10) |
*Among ever-smokers.
†Depth of cigarette smoke inhalation, from shallow (1) to very deep (4), among ever-smokers.
‡Time between waking until first cigarette of the day.
§The usual number of cigars smoked in a day multiplied by the number of years of cigar smoking, among ever-cigar smokers.
¶Occupational exposure to dust, fumes or smoke.
**Physician diagnosis of asthma <45-years-old.
††History of hay-fever.
‡‡FEV1 <80% predicted and FEV1 to FVC ratio <0.7, among ever-smokers.
BMI, body mass index; ETS, environmental tobacco smoke (‘secondhand smoke’); FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity.