Univariate and multivariate association of demographic, clinical and temporal factors with different Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages
| Variable | East Asian (n=130) | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) | Euro-American (n=468) | Adjusted OR‡ (95% CI) | East African Indian (n=323) | Adjusted OR‡ (95% CI) | Indo-Oceanic (n=145) | Adjusted OR‡ (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Period | ||||||||
| 2003–2004 | 25/227 (11) | 1‡ | 113/227 (49.8) | 1 | 64/227 (28.2) | 1‡ | 24/227 (10.6) | 1 |
| 2005–2006 | 48/342 (14) | 1.27 (0.75 to 2.14) | 133/342 (38.9) | 0.65 (0.44 to 0.96) | 104/342 (30.4) | 1.08 (0.72 to 1.63) | 55/342 (16.1) | 1.47 (0.87 to 2.50) |
| 2007–2008 | 35/336 (10.4) | 0.89 (0.51 to 1.57) | 153/336 (45.5) | 0.86 (0.58 to 1.26) | 105/336 (31.3) | 1.18 (0.79 to 1.78) | 42/336 (12.5) | 1.14 (0.65 to 2.00) |
| 2009–2010 | 22/165 (13.3) | 1.32 (0.69 to 2.50) | 69/165 (41.8) | 0.71 (0.44 to 1.15) | 50/165 (30.3) | 1.03 (0.63 to 1.70) | 24/165 (14.5) | 1.46 (0.76 to 2.78) |
| Age categories n (%) | ||||||||
| Under 16 | 4/36 (11.1) | 1 | 19/36 (52.8) | 1 | 9/36 (25) | 1 | 4/36 (11.1) | 1 |
| 16–25 | 32/273 (11.7) | 0.88 (0.28 to 2.74) | 128/273 (46.9) | 1.10 (0.50 to 2.44) | 75/273 (27.5) | 0.90 (0.37 to 2.20) | 35/273 (12.8) | 0.95 (0.30 to 2.96) |
| 26–35 | 31/261 (11.9) | 0.86 (0.27 to 2.75) | 104/261 (39.8) | 1.01 (0.45 to 2.29) | 82/261 (31.4) | 0.90 (0.36 to 2.24) | 43/261 (16.5) | 1.09 (0.35 to 3.46) |
| 36–45 | 31/194 (16) | 1.25 (0.39 to 4.03) | 87/194 (44.8) | 0.88 (0.38 to 2.04) | 46/194 (23.7) | 0.75 (0.29 to 1.93) | 30/194 (15.5) | 1.28 (0.39 to 4.13) |
| 46–55 | 11/96 (11.5) | 0.73 (0.20 to 2.69) | 40/96 (41.7) | 1.19 (0.47 to 3.01) | 29/96 (30.2) | 0.83 (0.30 to 2.28) | 16/96 (16.7) | 1.11 (0.32 to 3.87) |
| Over 55 | 21/210 (10) | 0.71 (0.21 to 2.42) | 90/210 (42.9) | 1.50 (0.63 to 3.56) | 82/210 (39) | 0.99 (0.38 to 2.54) | 17/210 (8.1) | 0.53 (0.15 to 1.82) |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Men | 71/579 (12.3) | 1 | 263/579 (45.4) | 1 | 162/579 (28.0) | 1 | 81/579 (14.0) | 1 |
| Women | 59/491 (12.0) | 0.94 (0.64 to 1.4) | 205/491 (41.8) | 1.14 (0.85 to 1.52) | 161/491 (32.8) | 0.99 (0.73 to 1.33) | 64/491 (13.0) | 0.85 (0.58 to 1.24) |
| Place of birth | ||||||||
| UK | 30/318 (9.4) | 1 | 200/318 (62.9) | 1* | 72/318 (22.6) | 1 | 15/318 (4.7) | 1*** |
| Foreign born | 100/752 (13.3) | 1.52 (0.84 to 2.75) | 268/752 (35.6) | 0.40 (0.27 to 0.60) | 251/752 (33.4) | 1.34 (0.87 to 2.08) | 130/752 (17.3) | 2.44 (1.31 to 4.53) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 16/148 (10.8) | 1 | 110/148 (74.3) | 1* | 21/148 (14.2) | 1* | 1/148 (0.7) | 1**** |
| Indian subcontinent | 69/577 (12) | 0.79 (0.36 to 1.71) | 151/577 (26.2) | 0.23 (0.14 to 0.39) | 262/577 (45.4) | 4.04 (2.19 to 7.45) | 94/577 (16.3) | 14.02 (1.81 to 108.52) |
| Afro-Caribbean | 35/278 (12.6) | 0.77 (0.33 to 1.81) | 180/278 (64.7) | 1.54 (0.85 to 2.82) | 21/278 (7.6) | 0.38 (0.18 to 0.84) | 39/278 (14) | 9.21 (1.15 to 73.58) |
| Oriental/other Asia | 7/23 (30.4) | 2.63 (0.78 to 8.84) | 4/23 (17.4) | 0.12 (0.03 to 0.47) | 6/23 (26.1) | 1.78 (0.56 to 5.62) | 6/23 (26.1) | 21.99 (2.28 to 212.42) |
| Other | 3/44 (6.8) | 0.43 (0.10 to 1.75) | 23/44 (52.3) | 0.98 (0.43 to 2.23) | 13/44 (29.5) | 1.84 (0.73 to 4.66) | 5/44 (11.4) | 6.38 (0.64 to 63.52) |
| HIV status | ||||||||
| Negative/unknown | 128/1057 (12.1) | 1 | 460/1057 (43.5) | 1 | 322/1057 (30.5) | 1 | 143/1057 (13.5) | 1 |
| Positive | 2/13 (15.4) | 1.21 (0.25 to 5.91) | 8/13 (61.5) | 1.06 (0.31 to 3.61) | 1/13 (7.7) | 0.78 (0.09 to 6.90) | 2/13 (15.4) | 0.97 (0.20 to 4.69) |
| Previous TB | ||||||||
| No | 130/1030 (12.6) | 447/1030 (43.4) | 1 | 306/1030 (29.7) | 1** | 143/1030 (13.9) | 1 | |
| Yes | 0/40 (0.0) | 21/40 (52.5) | 1.35 (0.66 to 2.76) | 17/40 (42.5) | 2.07 (1.00 to 4.31) | 2/40 (5.0) | 0.37 (0.09 to 1.58) | |
| Drug sensitivity | ||||||||
| Fully sensitive | 119/976 (12.2) | 1 | 431/976 (44.2) | 1 | 293/976 (30.0) | 1 | 130/976 (13.3) | 1 |
| Drug resistant§ | 7/49 (14.3) | 1.21 (0.52 to 2.83) | 15/49 (30.6) | 0.65 (0.33 to 1.29) | 17/49 (34.7) | 1.07 (0.55 to 2.07) | 9/49 (18.4) | 1.27 (0.58 to 2.78) |
| Duration of symptoms before treatment | ||||||||
| 0–15 days | 5/59 (8.5) | 29/59 (49.2) | 18/59 (30.5) | 7/59 (11.9) | ||||
| 16–30 days | 6/56 (10.7) | 25/56 (44.6) | 17/56 (30.4) | 8/56 (14.3) | ||||
| 31–45 days | 7/61 (11.5) | 25/61 (41) | 21/61 (34.4) | 8/61 (13.1) | ||||
| 46–60 days | 5/43 (11.6) | 20/43 (46.5) | 10/43 (23.3) | 8/43 (18.6) | ||||
| 61 days and over | 31/243 (12.8) | 99/243 (40.7) | 83/243 (34.2) | 30/243 (12.3) | ||||
| Smear positive | ||||||||
| No | 74/525 (14.1) | 1 | 211/525 (40.2) | 1 | 162/525 (30.9) | 1 | 76/525 (14.5) | 1 |
| Yes | 56/545 (10.3) | 0.73 (0.49 to 1.08) | 257/545 (47.2) | 0.98 (0.74 to 1.31) | 161/545 (29.5) | 1.18 (0.88 to 1.59) | 69/545 (12.7) | 1.04 (0.71 to 1.53) |
*p<0.0001; **p=0.05; ***p=0.005; ****p=0.015.
†Model mutually adjusted for year of notification, age, gender, ethnicity, country of birth, HIV status, drug sensitivity and smear positivity; data analysed using logistic regression.
‡Model mutually adjusted for year of notification, age, gender, ethnicity, country of birth, HIV status, previous TB, drug sensitivity and smear positivity; data analysed using logistic regression.
§Drug-resistant category includes individuals with mono-resistant TB and multi-drug resistant TB.
TB, tuberculosis.