Characteristic | Patients with COPD | GOLD II | GOLD III | GOLD IV | Smoker controls | Non-smoker controls |
n | 1831 | 848 | 750 | 233 | 285 | 228 |
Age, years | 63.4 (7.0) | 63.5 (7.1) | 63.5 (6.9) | 62.6 (6.9) | 55.8 (8.9) | 54.0 (8.9) |
Sex, men/women | 1207/624 | 517/331 | 515/235 | 175/58 | 165/120 | 89/139 |
Women, % | 34 | 39 | 31 | 25 | 42 | 61 |
Current smoker, % | 35 | 37 | 36 | 25 | 57 | 0 |
Former smoker, % | 65 | 63 | 64 | 75 | 43 | 7 |
Pack-years | 48.4 (27.2) | 48.2 (29.0) | 48.8 (25.6) | 48.1 (25.9) | 31.9 (22.3) | 0.2 (1.1) |
Pre-bronchodilator FEV1, litres | 1.25 (0.49) | 1.60 (0.44) | 1.04 (0.28) | 0.67 (0.15) | 3.20 (0.72) | 3.24 (0.79) |
Pre-bronchodilator FEV1, % predicted | 44.7 (15.0) | 57.5 (9.6) | 36.9 (7.0) | 23.3 (4.0) | 104.2 (12.0) | 112.3 (14.0) |
Pre-bronchodilator FVC, litres | 2.81 (0.87) | 3.14 (0.87) | 2.66 (0.75) | 2.13 (0.66) | 4.23 (0.97) | 4.12 (0.98) |
Pre-bronchodilator FVC, % predicted | 80.3 (19.8) | 90.7 (16.5) | 75.4 (16.9) | 58.1 (14.0) | 112.1 (14.2) | 118.2 (14.6) |
FEV1/FVC | 0.447 (0.113) | 0.518 (0.92) | 0.403 (0.91) | 0.332 (0.76) | 0.762 (0.61) | 0.789 (0.51) |
ICS use, % | 72 | 60 | 80 | 85 | 1 | 0 |
LABA use, % | 68 | 59 | 76 | 79 | 1 | 0 |
Tiotropium use, % | 47 | 40 | 51 | 56 | <1 | 0 |
Emphysema | ||||||
n | 1563 | 719 | 652 | 192 | 256 | 192 |
%LAA | 17.5 (12.1) | 12.2 (9.6) | 20.2 (11.6) | 27.9 (12.5) | 2.5 (3.2) | 4.2 (4.3) |
Radiologist score | ||||||
<5% | 430 (26%) | 290 (37%) | 120 (18%) | 20 (9%) | 249 (90%) | 195 (98%) |
5–25% | 370 (22%) | 212 (27%) | 133 (20%) | 25 (12%) | 24 (9%) | 3 (2%) |
25–50% | 316 (19%) | 145 (19%) | 131 (19%) | 40 (19%) | 5 (2%) | 1 (<1%) |
>50% | 553 (33%) | 130 (17%) | 296 (44%) | 127 (60%) | 0 | 0 |
Data are given as mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.
FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; %LAA, per cent low attenuation area; LABA, long-acting β2 agonist.