Response to the 1-year healthy eating, physical activity/exercise lifestyle modification programme according to oxygen desaturation index level at baseline
| Baseline ODI <10 events/h | Baseline ODI ≥10 events/h | p Value for baseline values | p Value for 1 year changes | p Value for adjusted 1-year changes | |||
| Baseline (n=49) | 1-year change (n=42) | Baseline (n=28) | 1-year change (n=24) | ||||
| Age (years) | 48.2 (8.3) | 51.6 (7.5) | 0.080 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.5 (3.2) | −2.7 (−3.0 to −2.3) | 30.8 (3.0) | −1.6 (−2.2 to −1.0) | 0.715 | 0.004 | 0.034 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 107.2 (9.3) | −9.7 (−11.2 to −8.3) | 108.8 (8.1) | −6.7 (−8.9 to −4.3) | 0.463 | 0.016 | 0.037 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 122 (11) | −5 (−8 to −2) | 124 (12) | −5 (−8 to −2) | 0.403 | 0.865 | 0.447 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 82 (6) | −6 (−8 to −4) | 82 (8) | −6 (−8 to −3) | 0.704 | 0.907 | 0.363 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 68 (7) | −8 (−11 to −5) | 69 (10) | −5 (−9 to −0) | 0.524 | 0.219 | 0.686 |
| Plasma lipids/lipoproteins | |||||||
| HDL cholesterol(mmol/litre) | 0.94 (0.15) | +0.17 (+0.12 to +0.21) | 0.97 (0.18) | +0.09 (+0.02 to +0.15) | 0.373 | 0.039 | 0.249 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/litre) | 2.21 (1.87–2.86) | −0.66 (−0.89 to −0.44) | 2.36 (2.06–2.83) | −0.35 (−0.77 to +0.08) | 0.519 | 0.027 | 0.048 |
| Plasma glucose/insulin homeostasis | |||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/litre) | 5.95 (0.51) | −0.19 (−0.30 to −0.08) | 6.16 (0.57) | −0.10 (−0.30 to +0.10) | 0.103 | 0.403 | 0.677 |
| 120 min OGTT- glucose (mmol/litre) | 7.57 (1.57) | −1.43 (−1.92 to −0.95) | 8.33 (1.82) | −0.73 (−1.62 to +0.17) | 0.056 | 0.126 | 0.119 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/litre) | 162 (86) | −67 (−87 to −47) | 179 (73) | −50 (−85 to −16) | 0.390 | 0.366 | 0.704 |
| AUC glucose (103× mmol/litre ×180 min) | 1.39 (0.23) | −0.17 (−0.26 to −0.08) | 1.57 (0.25) | −0.15 (−0.27 to −0.18) | 0.003 | 0.732 | 0.950 |
| AUC ins (103× pmol/litre ×180 min) | 167 (88) | −79 (−98 to −60) | 195 (63) | −67 (−96 to −38) | 0.143 | 0.484 | 0.739 |
| HOMA-IR | 5.87 (3.79–8.31) | −2.89 (−3.76 to −2.03) | 6.24 (4.98–8.75) | −2.11 (−3.70 to −0.52) | 0.152 | 0.067 | 0.236 |
| Plasma adipokine/inflammatory markers | |||||||
| CRP (mg/litre) | 1.79 (0.89–3.09) | −0.78 (−1.42 to −0.14) | 1.52 (1.04–2.93) | −0.11 (−0.89 to +0.67) | 0.941 | 0.099 | 0.094 |
| TNFα (pg/ml) | 0.94 (0.72–1.15) | −0.03 (−0.13 to +0.08) | 1.11 (0.81–1.24) | +0.01 (−0.13 to +0.14) | 0.275 | 0.728 | 0.297 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 0.96 (0.70–1.25) | −0.18 (−0.46 to +0.10) | 1.24 (0.80–1.88) | −0.07 (−0.47 to +0.33) | 0.086 | 0.577 | 0.050 |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 3.93 (1.58) | +0.96 (+0.57 to +1.35) | 3.30 (1.04) | +0.34 (+0.06 to +0.62) | 0.070 | 0.031 | 0.106 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 11.3 (7.7) | −4.0 (−5.0 to −2.9) | 11.7 (5.4) | −2.5 (−4.2 to −0.8) | 0.808 | 0.119 | 0.102 |
| CT: L4–L5 area of adipose tissue | |||||||
| SAT (cm2) | 311 (100) | −71 (−84 to −58) | 278 (86) | −36 (−51 to −22) | 0.143 | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| VAT (cm2) | 249 (75) | −84 (−97 to −72) | 279 (76) | −60 (−88 to −32) | 0.102 | 0.068 | 0.223 |
| DEXA body composition | |||||||
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 64 (7) | −1 (−1 to −0) | 65 (7) | +1 (−2 to −0) | 0.505 | 0.658 | 0.520 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 29 (7) | −7 (−8 to −6) | 28 (6) | −4 (−5 to −2) | 0.501 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
| Submaximal treadmill exercise | |||||||
| Heart rate—3.5 mph; 2% (beats/min) | 115 (13) | −14 (−17 to −1) | 117 (14) | −11 (−16 to −3) | 0.581 | 0.341 | 0.544 |
| Exercise output at | |||||||
| 150 beats/min (METs) | 7.58 (1.44) | +1.59 (+1.16 to +2.03) | 7.63 (1.29) | +1.04 (+0.44 to +1.64) | 0.888 | 0.122 | 0.548 |
| Caloric intake and objective evaluation of physical activity | |||||||
| Mean daily step count | 7887 (2657) | +2339 (+1427 to +3250) | 6369 (2778) | +1779 (+714 to +2843) | 0.026 | 0.444 | 0.082 |
| Daily caloric intake (kcal) | 3043 (582) | −554 (−792 to −316) | 2935 (616) | −559 (−920 to −199) | 0.447 | 0.978 | 0.560 |
p values in bold indicate significant difference.
Data are presented as mean (SD) for baseline values or median (IQR) for non-normally distributed values. Data are presented as mean (95% CI) for 1-year change.
Comparisons were tested between the two groups. Comparisons of the 1-year changes have been made unadjusted and adjusted for baseline visceral adipose tissue and baseline daily step count.
AUC, area under the curve; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DEXA, dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment—insulin resistance; IL-6, interleukin-6; METs, metabolic equivalents of task; ODI, oxygen desaturation index; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor α; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.