Baseline characteristics of subjects on β-blockers
| β-blocker | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=474) | No (n=2990) | p Value | |
| Age (years) | 66.8 (7.7) | 62.8 (8.5) | <0.001 |
| Gender, female, % | 189 (39.9) | 1348 (45.1) | 0.034 |
| Race, African-American, % | 73 (15.4) | 692 (23.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.9 (6.7) | 27.8 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Pack-years of smoking | 56.8 (30.0) | 52.6 (27.0) | 0.002 |
| Heart rate (per minute) | 69.5 (12.0) | 78.8 (12.8) | <0.001 |
| FEV1 (L) | 1.50 (0.54) | 1.44 (0.64) | 0.036 |
| FEV1 % predicted | 53.2 (15.4) | 49.8 (18.2) | <0.001 |
| FEV1/FVC | 0.53 (0.11) | 0.49 (0.13) | <0.001 |
| GOLD stage, % | <0.001 | ||
| 2 | 292 (61.6) | 1539 (51.5) | |
| 3 | 144 (30.4) | 948 (31.7) | |
| 4 | 38 (8.0) | 503 (16.8) | |
| Home oxygen therapy, % | 100 (21.1) | 855 (28.6) | 0.001 |
| Severe exacerbation in prior year, % | 92 (19.4) | 685 (22.9) | 0.090 |
| Asthma, % | 99 (20.9) | 830 (27.8) | 0.002 |
| Coronary artery disease, % | 212 (44.7) | 353 (11.8) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, % | 37 (7.8) | 83 (2.8) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, % | 51 (10.8) | 155 (5.2) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure, % | 58 (12.2) | 123 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 400 (84.4) | 1356 (45.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 114 (24.1) | 326 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Emphysema (%LAA<950insp) | 9.9 (10.5) | 13.4 (12.9) | <0.001 |
| Gas trapping (%LAA<856exp) | 34.8 (18.8) | 39.7 (20.9) | <0.001 |
| Wall area % segmental | 62.8 (3.0) | 62.7 (3.0) | 0.567 |
| CAC | 432.6 (573.9) | 212.2 (397.5) | <0.001 |
| MMRC | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | 0.079 |
| SGRQ | 36.6 (20.2) | 41.3 (22.1) | <0.001 |
| 6MWD (m) | 349 (127) | 351 (133) | 0.776 |
| BODE | 2.7 (1.9)** | 3.0 (2.1) | 0.004 |
%LAA<856exp, %low attenuation area below a threshold of −856 Hounsfield Units at end tidal expiration; %LAA<950insp, %low attenuation area below a threshold of −950 Hounsfield Units at end inspiration; 6MWD, 6 min walk distance; BMI, body mass index; BODE, body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity index; CAC, coronary artery calcification as measured by Agatston score; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; MMRC, Modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale; SGRQ, St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire; Wall area%, bronchial wall area at segmental level.